Kungani Kubalulekile Ukuvala Isembozo Semishini Esimelana Nokugqwala

Isingeniso

Ekucutshungulweni kwamakhemikhali, ekucwengisisweni, nakwezinye izinhlelo zokuphatha uketshezi, ukwehluleka kokuvala izivalo kuvame ukuqala ngokugqwala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuvuza okubonakalayo. Isivalo somshini esingamelana nokugqwala senzelwe ukugcina izindawo zokuvala izivalo, izingxenye zensimbi, kanye nama-elastomer zizinzile lapho zivezwa kuma-acid, izinyibilikisi, ama-hydrocarbon, kanye nemidiya yokuguguleka. Inani laso lidlula impilo yesevisi ende: sisiza ukulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo, sivikela ukuthembeka kwemishini, futhi sinciphisa ingozi yokuvalwa okungahleliwe noma izehlakalo zokuphepha. Ingxoxo engezansi ichaza ukuthi lezi zivalo zikhawulela kanjani ukuvuza, yiziphi izinto ezenza zisebenze kahle ezindaweni ezinzima, nokuthi kungani zibalulekile kokubili ekuhambisaneni nasekusebenzeni kahle.

Kungani Izimbozo Zemishini Ezimelana Nokugqwala Zibalulekile

Ezindaweni zokucubungula amakhemikhali nama-hydrocarbon ezinamandla, ubuqotho besistimu yemishini ejikelezayo buxhomeke kakhulu ezindleleni zayo zokuvala.uphawu lomshiniyakhelwe ukumelana nemiphumela eyonakalisayo yoketshezi oluqinile lwenqubo, esebenza njengesivikelo esiyinhloko ekulweni nokukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo kanye nokulahlekelwa uketshezi okubi kakhulu. Ngokungafani nezimbozo ezijwayelekile, ezingase zonakale ngokushesha uma zivezwa kuma-acid, izisekelo, noma ama-slurry abrasive, izinhlobo ezingamelani nokugqwala zigcina ukuma kobuso okunembile kanye nobuqotho besakhiwo ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali okukhulu.

Igunya lezimboni lalezi zivalo ezikhethekile liqhutshwa yimithetho eqinile yezemvelo kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zesikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe. Isibonelo, izikhungo ezingaphansi kwe-EPA Method 21 kumele zigcine imingcele yokukhishwa komoya okubalekayo ingaphansi kwezingxenye ezingama-500 ngesigidi (ppm), okuyisilinganiso esingenakwenzeka ukusenza uma izingxenye zesivalo zincibilika noma ziqhekeka. Ngokusebenzisa i-metallurgy ethuthukisiwe kanye nama-elastomer asebenza kahle, izivalo ezingagqwali ziqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo zokucubungula ziyahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuthobela imithetho ngenkathi zivikela abasebenzi ekuvezweni ngamakhemikhali anobuthi noma anobuthi.

Indlela izimbobo ezingamelana nokugqwala ezinciphisa ngayo ukuvuza

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza kwesivalo somshini sincike ekugcineni ifilimu yoketshezi oluncane phakathi kobuso obubili bophawu olucwebezelisiwe kakhulu. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza, lobu buso kumele buhlale buthe njo ngaphakathi kwamabhande okukhanya e-helium angu-2 kuya kwangu-3 (cishe amasentimitha angu-0.000023 kuya ku-0.000035). Uma isivalo singahambisani namakhemikhali noketshezi lwenqubo, ukugqwala okufanayo noma okusendaweni kushintsha le ndawo ebalulekile. Ukugqwala okugobile kudala iziteshi ezincane kakhulu ebusweni bophawu, kuyilapho ukugqwala kwe-crevice kuhlasela imifantu ye-O-ring, okuvumela uketshezi lwenqubo ukuthi ludlule izakhi zokuvala eziguquguqukayo zesibili.

Izivalo zemishini ezingamelani nokugqwala zinciphisa lezi zindlela zokwehluleka ngokusebenzisa izinto ezingasabeli ngendlela ephefumulwayo. Ngokugcina ukuphela okuqondile kobuso obuyinhloko nokugcina ukubekezelelana kobukhulu behadiwe yensimbi, lezi zivalo zigcina ubukhulu befilimu yoketshezi obufanele. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuguquka kusuka ekugcotshweni komngcele kuya ekungqubuzaneni okomile, ngaleyo ndlela kususwe ukuphambuka kokushisa kanye nokuqhakaza okuvame ukuba ngaphambi kokuvuza okubi kakhulu.

Yiziphi izindawo zokusebenza ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala

Isidingo sokumelana namakhemikhali okuphezulu sihlanganisa izimboni eziningi ezisindayo, ikakhulukazi lapho amazinga e-pH aphezulu noma amazinga aphezulu e-halide ekhona. Emkhakheni we-chlor-alkali, imishini ivame ukuphatha igesi ye-chlorine emanzi, i-sodium hypochlorite, kanye ne-sodium hydroxide egxilile emazingeni e-pH angaphezu kuka-13. Izinsimbi ezijwayelekile ze-stainless steels ezingama-300 zibhekana nokuqhekeka okusheshayo kokugqwala ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, okudinga ama-alloy angaphandle.

Ngokufanayo,amapulatifomu kawoyela negesi asogwini lolwandlenjalo bacubungula i-sour crude equkethe amazinga aphezulu e-hydrogen sulfide (H2S) kanye nesihlabathi esirhabaxa. Imishini yokugaya ama-pulp kanye nephepha ithembele ezigabeni zokumhlopheza utshwala obumnyama kanye ne-chlorine dioxide, izindawo ezidume ngokubangela ukugqwala okukhulu okufanayo. Kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, i-chemistry yoketshezi isusa ngokuguquguqukayo izendlalelo ze-oxide ezingasebenzi zezinsimbi ezijwayelekile, okwenza izivalo ezilwa nokugqwala eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela zibe yimfuneko ephelele yokusebenza ukuze kugcinwe i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) eyamukelekayo ekukhiqizweni okuqhubekayo.

Yini Echaza Isivalo Semishini Esimelana Nokugqwala

I-seal yomshini engagqwali ichazwa ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali okuhambisanayo kwamaqembu ayo amathathu ayinhloko: ubuso obujikelezayo nobunganyakazi, izingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi, kanye ne-seal yesibili ye-elastomeric. I-seal yomshini iqinile kuphela njengengxenye yayo esengozini kakhulu; ubuso be-silicon carbide obumelana kakhulu abusebenzi uma i-O-ring esekelayo ivuvukala noma ipuleti le-gland yensimbi lincibilika.

Yiziphi izinto zobuso, zensimbi, neze-elastomer ezithinta ukumelana nokugqwala

Ukukhethwa kwezinto kunquma isikhathi sokusebenza kwesivalo kumidiya enamandla. Kubuso obuyinhloko, i-Sintered Alpha Silicon Carbide (SiC) iyindinganiso yemboni yokumelana namakhemikhali ebanzi, okugcina ukuzinza kulo lonke ububanzi be-pH obungu-0 kuya ku-14. Ezisetshenzisweni eziyingozi kakhulu lapho i-SiC ingase ibhekane nokuhlaselwa komngcele wokusanhlamvu, kusetshenziswa amagremu akhethekile noma i-tungsten carbide (WC) ene-nickel binder—esikhundleni se-cobalt binder evame ukugqwala—.

Izingxenye zensimbi, okuhlanganisa i-gland, i-sleeve, kanye nezipilingi, zivame ukudinga ukuthuthukiswa kusuka ku-316SS ejwayelekile. Ama-alloy ane-nickel ephezulu njenge-Hastelloy C-276, i-titanium, noma i-Alloy 20 asetshenziswa ukulwa nokuqhekeka kwemigodi nokucindezela ukuqhekeka kokugqwala ezindaweni ezicebile nge-chloride noma i-sulfuric acid. Ukuze kuvikelwe okwesibili, ama-elastomer kumele amelane nokuvuvukala kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuphuma kwawo. Ama-Perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) ahlinzeka ngokuhambisana kwamakhemikhali okucishe kube yindawo yonke, asebenza kahle kakhulu kunezinye izinketho ezijwayelekile ze-FKM noma ze-EPDM ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekusombululeni.

Indlela ikhemistri, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nesivinini somgodi ezithinta ngayo ukusebenza

Ukumelana namakhemikhali akuyona into engashintshi; kuncike kakhulu eziguquguquki zokusebenza. I-Arrhenius equation inquma ukuthi izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali—kufaka phakathi ukugqwala—liphindeka kabili kukho konke ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa okungu-10°C (18°F). Insimbi noma i-elastomer ebonisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nesisombululo se-sulfuric acid esingu-10% ekushiseni okuzungezile ingase yonakale ngokushesha ku-90°C. Ngakho-ke, amapharamitha okushisa kumele ahlolwe ngokuqinile kanye ne-chemistry yoketshezi.

Isivinini sokucindezela kanye nesivinini somshafti kwandisa izingozi zokugqwala ngokubangela ukucindezeleka komshini kanye nokukhiqizwa kokushisa endaweni. Ukusetshenziswa kokucindezela okuphezulu, okuvame ukwedlula i-1,200 psig kumaphampu asebenza kanzima, kusheshisa ukugqwala kwe-crevice ngokuphoqa uketshezi olunamandla lujule lungene emifantwini emincane. Isivinini somshafti esiphezulu sandisa izinga lokucheba kwefilimu yoketshezi, okuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lobuso kanye nokusheshisa ukuhlaselwa kwamakhemikhali ebusweni besivalo, into eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali okushisa.

Indlela yokuhlukanisa ukwehluleka kokugqwala nokuguguleka kanye nokusebenza okomile

Ukuhlaziywa kokwehluleka okunembile kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuwohloka okuphindaphindiwe. Ukuhlukanisa ukugqwala nokuguguleka komshini noma ukusebenza okomile kudinga ukuhlola isimo somonakalo othize. Ukugqwala kuvame ukubonakala njengokufaka imigodi, ukuncipha okujwayelekile kwezingxenye zensimbi, noma ukugqwala kwamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, lapho i-cobalt binder ebusweni be-tungsten carbide igqwala ngamakhemikhali, ubuso bubonakala bubuthuntu futhi buzwakala bunzima uma buthintwa, okuholela endaweni enezimbobo engakwazi ukugcina ifilimu ewuketshezi.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusebenza okomile kukhiqiza umonakalo ohlukile wokushisa, njengokuhlola ukushisa (imifantu emincane ebusweni besivalo) noma ukugqabhuka okukhulu ebusweni be-carbon graphite. Ukuguguleka okunamandla kuvela njengokugoba okujulile, okugxilile ezindaweni zokuhlangana. Uma i-O-ring yehluleka ngenxa yokungahambisani kwamakhemikhali, izobonisa ukuvuvukala, ukuqhekeka, noma ukuphuma, kanti ukuwohloka kokushisa kuvame ukushiya i-O-ring iqinile ngesigaba esiyisikwele. Ukuhlonza lezi zimpawu ezithile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwesivalo okulandelayo kulungisa imodi yokuhluleka efanele.

Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Izinketho Zokuvala Ezingamelani Nokugqwala

Ukuthola uphawu olufanele kudinga ukuhlola kokubili izinto zokwakha kanye nokucushwa kwemishini. Ukwakheka ngokomzimba kophawu kunquma ukuthi izingxenye zangaphakathi zivezwa kanjani oketshezini lwenqubo, okusho ukuthi ukukhetha ukucushwa okunesu ngezinye izikhathi kunganciphisa isidingo se-alloys ezibiza kakhulu ezingavamile.

Yiziphi izindlela zokuqhathanisa abathengi okufanele bazisebenzise

Abathengi kanye nonjiniyela bokuthembeka kumele bahlole izivalo zemishini ezingagqwali besebenzisa i-matrix yezindlela zobuchwepheshe nezentengiselwano. Isilinganiso esiyinhloko yi-Life Cycle Cost (LCC), elinganisa izindleko zokuqala zemali ngokuqhathanisa ne-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) ebikezelwe. I-premium seal ingabiza ngokuphindwe kathathu kusengaphambili kodwa ingandisa i-MTBF kusukela ezinyangeni eziyi-6 iye ezinyangeni ezingaphezu kwezingama-36, inciphise kakhulu izindleko zesikhathi eside.

Ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zemboni, njenge-API 682 (yezimboni zikawoyela, igesi, namakhemikhali), kungenye indlela ebalulekile. Abathengi kumele bachaze isigaba esifanele (1, 2, noma 3) ngokusekelwe kusayizi wephampu kanye nokushisa, bese bekhetha indlela efanele yokufaka uphawu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola amakhono omhlinzeki—njengekhono labo lokunikeza izitifiketi zokulandelela izinto ze-EN 10204 3.1—kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-alloy amelana nokugqwala acacisiwe ahlangabezana nezidingo eziqondile zensimbi ezidingekayo ekusetshenzisweni.

Indlela izimbobo ezi-single, double, cartridge, kanye ne-split seals ezihluke ngayo

Ukukhetha phakathi kokucushwa okukodwa, okubili, kwekhatriji, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kushintsha kakhulu indlela uphawu olusebenzisana ngayo nendawo egqwalisayo. Izivalo ezilodwa zithembele oketshezini lwenqubo olupompiwe ukuze zigcotshwe; ngakho-ke, yonke ingxenye kumele ihambisane ngokuphelele namakhemikhali nemidiya. Nakuba izivalo ezilodwa zinezindleko eziphansi zokuqala, azinikezi umkhawulo wesibili uma ifilimu yoketshezi oluyinhloko yehluleka.

Izimpawu ezimbili (ezimbili)sebenzisa uketshezi lwesithiyo olucindezelwe noma olungacindezelwe phakathi kwamasethi amabili obuso besivalo. Ngokugcina uketshezi lwesithiyo lunomfutho ophezulu kune-process media, ubuso besivalo sangaphakathi bugcotshwa uketshezi lwesithiyo oluhlanzekile, olungaboliyo kunokuba kube yikhemikhali yenqubo enamandla. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kuhlukanisa iziphethu ezithambile kanye nensimbi yangaphakathi endaweni ebolile, kuvimbela ngempumelelo ukuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi akukho ukukhishwa okuyingozi.

Izivalo ze-cartridge ziyiyunithi ezihlanganiswe ngaphambilini eziqukethe isivalo, i-gland, kanye nesikhafu. Zisusa isidingo sokulinganisa okunembile kokufakwa, zinciphisa kakhulu amaphutha abantu ngesikhathi sokulungiswa—isici esibalulekile lapho kuphathwa amakhemikhali ayingozi. Izivalo ezihlukanisiwe zivumela ukufakwa ngaphandle kokudiliza isikhwama sephampu noma i-motor, okuyinto enenzuzo kakhulu emishinini emikhulu. Kodwa-ke, izivalo ezihlukanisiwe ngokuvamile zinemikhawulo ephansi yokucindezela (ngokuvamile ezivalwe cishe ngama-psig angu-150) futhi azifaneleki kangako uketshezi olunobuthi olubolayo ngenxa yemigqa ehlukanisiwe ezingxenyeni zazo ze-elastomeric.

Indlela Yokukhetha Nokuvikela Uphawu Olufanele

Ngisho nesivalo somshini esiqine kakhulu esingagqwali sizohluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi uma sisetshenziswa kabi noma sibhekene nezimo zokusebenza ezingezinhle ngaphezu kwemingcele yaso yokuklama. Ukuqaliswa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqoqwa kwedatha okuqinile ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuthenga, kulandelwe ukunamathela ngokuqinile emikhubeni yokulawula imvelo ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Yimaphi amaqembu obunjiniyela bedatha yesicelo kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla adingayo

Ukuze kucaciswe uphawu olufanele, amaqembu obunjiniyela kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla kumele ahlanganise idatha ephelele yesicelo. Ukwakheka koketshezi kumele kuchazwe ngokuphelele, kufaka phakathi izakhi zokulandelela kanye nezimo zesikhashana, njengoba ukuhlushwa okungu-1% kuphela kwe-hydrofluoric acid noma ama-chloride kungashintsha kakhulu ukuhambisana kwezinto. Amandla adonsela phansi athile, ingcindezi yomhwamuko, kanye ne-viscosity emazingeni okushisa okusebenza (okuvame ukudlula u-400°F / 204°C ekucutshungulweni kwamakhemikhali) kumele kubhalwe phansi.

Idatha yemishini yomshini ibaluleke kakhulu. Amaqembu kumele ahlinzeke ngesivinini somshafti wephampu (RPM), ubukhulu bebhokisi lokugcwalisa, kanye nokubekezelelana kwezimo zemishini. Ukuze uphawu olusebenza kahle lusebenze kahle, ukugijima komgodi wephampu ngokuvamile akufanele kudlule amasentimitha angu-0.002 Ukufundwa Kwenkomba Ephelele (TIR), kanye nokuphela komgodi kufanele kugcinwe ngaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-0.005. Ukwehluleka ukunikeza idatha yemishini enembile kuholela ekwakhiweni kophawu oluhlushwa ukudlidliza ngokweqile, okunciphisa izinzuzo zezinto ezingamelana nokugqwala.

Indlela ukuhlolwa, amazinga, kanye nokusekelwa kwabahlinzeki okuthinta ngayo ukukhethwa

Usekelo lomhlinzekikanye nokunamathela ezindinganisweni zokuhlola eziqinile kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwesivalo esikhethiwe. Abakhiqizi abadumile bafaka izivalo zabo ekuhlolweni kwe-hydrostatic, ngokuvamile ngengcindezi yokuklama ephindwe ka-1.5, ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bezingxenye zensimbi kanye nemigoqo ye-O-ring ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. Ukuhlolwa kokufaneleka ngokweziqondiso ze-API 682 kulingisa izimo zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo, okunikeza ubufakazi obubonakalayo bamazinga okuvuza kwesivalo kanye nokuqina kokushisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwesekwa kobunjiniyela bomhlinzeki kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nokushintshana kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umhlinzeki onolwazi ngeke nje athengise i-alloy ebiza kakhulu kodwa uzohlaziya uhlelo ukuze anqume ukuthi ushintsho lomklamo—njengokushintsha kusuka ku-seal eyodwa kuya ku-dual seal enoketshezi oluthile lokuvimbela—lunganikeza isivikelo esingcono nokuphila isikhathi eside kunokuthembela kuphela ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi okungavamile.

Yimiphi imikhuba yokufaka, yokuhlanza, kanye nokuqapha eyandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwesivalo

Isikhathi sokusebenza kwesivalo esingamelana nokugqwala sandiswa kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ama-API Piping Plans afanele ukulawula indawo encane yesivalo. Kuma-single seal aphatha uketshezi olugqwalisayo ngezinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe, i-API Plan 32 inikeza uketshezi lwangaphandle oluhlanzekile noluhambisanayo oluqhubekayo, olusunduza imithombo enamandla kude nobuso be-seal kanye neziphethu.

Ukuze kufakwe izivalo ezimbili eziphatha izinto ezinobuthi noma ezigqwalisayo, kusetshenziswe uhlelo lwe-API 53A, 53B, noma 53C ukuze kuhlinzekwe uketshezi oluvimbelayo olucindezelwe.

Indlela Yokuthethelela Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Esivikelweni Semishini Esimelana Nokugqwala

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sokuvalwa komshini okumelana nokugqwala
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yini eyenza isivalo somshini singagqwali?

Isebenzisa izinto zobuso ezihambisana namakhemikhali, izingxenye zensimbi, kanye nama-elastomer. Ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile kufaka phakathi ubuso be-SiC, i-Hastelloy noma i-titanium hardware, kanye ne-FFKM noma ama-elastomer afanelekile afaniswe noketshezi olupompiwe.

Ngidinga nini uphawu lomshini olumelana nokugqwala?

Sebenzisa eyodwa kuma-asidi, ama-caustics, ama-chloride, uketshezi olumuncu, izinyibilikisi, noma ama-slurry abrasive. Ibaluleke kakhulu kuma-chemical, uwoyela negesi, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, i-pulp nephepha, ama-marine, kanye nama-water treatment pumps.

Ukumelana nokugqwala kunciphisa kanjani ukuvuza kwesivalo?

Kuvimbela ukugoba, ukuhlaselwa kwe-cravice, kanye nomonakalo we-elastomer ophazamisa ubuso besivalo. Lokho kusiza ukugcina ifilimu encane yoketshezi, ukunciphisa ukwakheka kokushisa, kanye nokulawula ukuvuza kanye nokukhishwa komoya.

Yiziphi izinto ezivame ukukhethwa ukuze zisetshenziswe ngamakhemikhali aqinile?

I-SiC isetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zokuvala. Izingxenye zensimbi zingadinga i-Hastelloy C-276, i-Alloy 20, noma i-titanium, kuyilapho i-FFKM, i-FKM, noma i-EPDM zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ekuchayekeni kwamakhemikhali kanye nokushisa kwangempela.

Ingabe iVictor Seals inganikeza ezinye izinto ezingamelana nokugqwala ezifakwe uphawu lwe-OEM pump seals?

Yebo. I-Victor Seals inikeza izivalo zemishini ezihambisana ne-OEM nezishintshayo zemikhiqizo efana ne-IMO, i-Alfa Laval, i-Grundfos, i-APV, i-Flygt, i-Fristam, i-Lowara, ne-Allweiler ngezidingo zokulungisa nokulungisa.