Indlela Yokukhetha Ukuvalwa Kwemishini Kwezinhlelo Zamaphampu Amakhemikhali

Indlela Ukukhethwa Kwezisimbozo Zemishini Okuthinta Ngayo Ukuthembeka Kwephampu Yamakhemikhali

Ezindaweni zokucubungula amakhemikhali,izimpawu zomshinizisebenza njengesivikelo esiyinhloko ekulahlekelweni uketshezi oluyinhlekelele, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwenqubo. Ukuxhumana phakathi komgodi wepompo ojikelezayo kanye nebhokisi lepompo elimile kumelela umngcele osengozini enkulu lapho amakhemikhali anolaka angaphuma kalula khona uma engagcinwanga kahle.

Amaqembu obunjiniyela kumele abheke ukucaciswa kwesivalo semishini hhayi njengokuthengwa kwempahla, kodwa njengotshalomali olubalulekile lokuthembeka. Ubuchwepheshe bokuvala obuthuthukisiwe buvame ukulindeleka ukuthi bufinyelele i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) edlula izinyanga ezingama-36, ngisho nasezisetshenzisweni eziguquguqukayo kakhulu noma ezigqwalisayo. Ukwehluleka ukukhetha ukucushwa kwesivalo esifanele kulimaza kakhulu ubuqotho be-hydraulic bohlelo lonke lokupompa.

Kungani uphawu olufanele lubalulekile ekulawuleni ukuvuza

Ukulawulwa kokuvuza akuyona nje into ethandwayo yokusebenza kodwa kuyisibopho esiqinile sokulawula. Izinhlangano ezilawulayo ziphoqelela imikhawulo eqinile yokukhishwa kwe-volatious organic compound (VOC), ngokuvamile zikhawulela ukukhishwa kwe-fugitive kube ngaphansi kwezingxenye ezingu-500 ngesigidi (ppm) ezindaweni zokukhiqiza amakhemikhali. Ukufeza nokugcina leli zinga lokuvimbela kudinga izivalo zemishini eziklanywe kahle kakhulu kunokupakisha okuvamile.

Ukuze kugcinwe amafilimu oketshezi oluncane ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuvuza okukhulu, ubuso besivalo obunamathelisiwe ngokunemba kumele buhlale buthe tyaba bube ngaphakathi kwebhande elilodwa noma amabili okukhanya kwe-helium, okulingana nama-micron angaba ngu-0.29 kuya ku-0.58. Uma isivalo esifanele sifaniswa ne-rheology yoketshezi oluthile, sigcina lesi sikhala esincane ngendlela eguquguqukayo, siqinisekisa ukuthi amakhemikhali ayingozi noma anobuthi ahlala ehlukanisiwe nomoya kanye nabasebenzi bezitshalo.

Yiziphi izingozi zokusebenza nezebhizinisi ezikhuphuka ngokukhethwa kabi kwesivalo

Imiphumela yezezimali yokucaciswa okunganele kwesivalo idlulela ngale kwentengo yokuqala yokuthenga ingxenye. Izilinganiso zokuthembeka zibonisa ukuthi ukwehluleka kwesivalo somshini kubangela cishe u-70% wazo zonke izikhathi zokungasebenzi kwepompo ye-centrifugal emkhakheni wamakhemikhali. Ukwehluleka okukodwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kungadala kalula u-$5,000 kuya ku-$15,000 emsebenzini wokulungisa ngqo kanye nezingxenye ezishintshwayo, ngaphandle kwezindleko ezivame ukuba phezulu kakhulu zokulahleka komkhiqizo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehluleka kwezitini eziyingozi kuletha izingozi ezinkulu zebhizinisi, okuhlanganisa izindleko zokulungiswa kwemvelo, izinhlawulo zomthetho, kanye nezingozi zokuphepha. Izidingo zokulungisa ezingahleliwe nazo ziphoqelela ochwepheshe ezindaweni zokuchayeka eziyingozi. Ngokubeka izindinganiso zezinsimbi zesitini ezifanele kanye nemiklamo yobuso, izitshalo zinciphisa lezi zikweletu kanye nokuguquka kusuka ekucimeni umlilo okusabelayo kuya ekuphathweni kwempahla ebikezelayo.

Lokho Okufanele Kuqondiswe Yidatha Yokusebenza Ukukhetha Izisimbozo Zemishini

Ukukhetha uphawu olufanele lwemishini kudinga ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwe-envelope yokusebenza kwephampu. Ukuthembela ezicacisweni zephampu ezijwayelekile kunezimo zokusebenza zangempela ekamelweni lophawu kuvame ukuholela ekuwohlokeni kwezingxenye ngokushesha.

Onjiniyela kumele bahlanganise ishidi ledatha yenqubo elinembile elibamba izimo ezizinzile, izigaba zokuqala zesikhashana, kanye nezimo ezingaba khona zokuphazamiseka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uphawu olukhethiwe lungamelana nohlu oluphelele lwezingcindezi zokusebenza.

Yiziphi izakhiwo zoketshezi, ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile okubaluleke kakhulu

Izici zoketshezi zilawula kakhulu izidingo ze-metallurgical kanye ne-elastomeric yesivalo somshini. Izinguquko ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi amandla adonsela phansi athile, i-viscosity, kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuzo zonke izigaba zokusebenza. Amaphrofayili okucindezela abaluleke ngokulinganayo; amaphampu amakhemikhali ajwayelekile angasebenza endaweni yokugeza, kuyilapho amaphampu okuphakelayo e-reactor anomfutho ophezulu angafaka izivalo ezingcindezini zangaphakathi ezingaphezu kwe-1,200 psig (82 bar).

Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, kusukela ku-cryogenic -40°C kuya ekusetshenzisweni kokushisa okuphezulu okungu-400°C, kunquma ukubekezelelana kokushisa kobuso besivalo kanye nemikhawulo yokuwohloka kwama-O-rings esibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-total suspended solids (TSS) athinta kakhulu ukuguguleka kobuso. Amanzi anokuqukethwe kwama-solids angaphezu kuka-2% ngesisindo ngokuvamile adinga ukuhlanganiswa kobuso obuqinile kanye nokulawulwa okukhethekile kwemvelo ukuvimbela ukuqopha okunamandla.

Indlela isivinini somgodi, uhlobo lwephampu, kanye nezimo zegumbi lokuvala ezithinta ngayo ukukhetha

Ukuguquguquka kwemishini ngaphakathi kwegumbi lokuvala kunquma izinga lokuguguleka kanye nokukhiqizwa kokushisa ebusweni be-seal. Isivinini se-shaft, ngokuvamile sisukela ku-1,450 kuya ku-3,600 RPM kumaphampu ajwayelekile e-centrifugal, siqhuba ijubane eliyindilinga (V) esibonakalayo se-seal. Leli jubane, lihlanganiswe nengcindezi yokuvala (P), lisungula isici se-PV—umkhawulo obalulekile olawula ukushisa kokungqubuzana i-seal engakuqeda ngokuphephile.

Uhlobo lwephampu kanye nobukhulu bebhokisi lokugcwala nakho kuyayivimbela indlela yokukhetha. Amaphampu amakhemikhali ajwayelekile e-ANSI B73.1 avame ukuba namakamelo okuvala akhulisiwe, anciphile aklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukujikeleza koketshezi kanye nokukhipha izinhlayiya, kanti amaphampu amadala noma akhethekile angaba namabhokisi aqinile ayisilinda. I-seal kumele ihambisane nezilinganiso zala makamelo ukuqinisekisa ukushintshwa koketshezi okwanele kanye nokupholisa izingxenye ezijikelezayo.

Lapho ukugqwala, ukwakheka kwekristalu, ingcindezi yomhwamuko, kanye nokusebenza okomile kuba yinto ebalulekile

Izinguquko zesigaba ngaphakathi kwegumbi lokuvalela ziletha izinsongo ezinkulu zokuthembeka. Ngokuvamile kudingeka isilinganiso sokushisa esincane esingu-10°C (18°F) phakathi kwezinga lokushisa lokusebenza koketshezi kanye nomfutho walo womusi ezimweni zegumbi lokuvalela. Uma lesi silinganiso siphulwa, uketshezi luzokhanya lube umhwamuko, okubangela ukugeleza okomile, ukukhiqizwa kokushisa okubi kakhulu, kanye nokuqhekeka kokushisa kobuso bovalela.

Ukugqwala kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu kuba yizinsongo ezifanayo. Uketshezi olucwebezela lapho luthintana nomoya womoya, njenge-sodium hydroxide, luzobhubhisa ngokushesha ubuso be-seal uma uhlangothi lomoya lwe-seal lungacinywanga kahle. Ezindaweni ezigqwala kakhulu, izinga lokugqwala elisendaweni ezingxenyeni zensimbi engagqwali ezijwayelekile ezingu-316 lingadlula u-0.5 mm ngonyaka, okudinga ukucaciswa kwe-alloys engavamile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho besakhiwo se-seal.

Yimaphi Amadizayini Nezinto Zokuvala Ezifanele Kakhulu Amaphampu Amakhemikhali

Ukuhlangana komklamo wemishini kanye nesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo kuchaza ikhono lesivalo lokumelana nezimo zamakhemikhali ezinolaka. I-geometry yezingxenye inquma ukuphathwa kwengcindezi kanye nokunemba kokufakwa, kuyilapho ukukhethwa kwezinto kulawula ukumelana kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuqhuba kokushisa.

Ukuzulazula ezindleleni eziningi ezitholakalayo kudinga indlela ehlelekile yokufanisa amakhono okuvala nezindlela ezithile zokuhluleka ezilindelwe enqubweni yamakhemikhali.

Indlela izimbobo ezi-single, dual, cartridge, balanced, kanye nezingalingani ngayo ziqhathaniswa

Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sesivalo kulawula ukuphathwa kwengcindezi yaso kanye nokuthembeka kokufakwa. Izivalo ezingalingani, ezifaka yonke indawo yobuso ngaphansi kwengcindezi yebhokisi lokugcwala, ngokuvamile zikhawulelwe ekucindezelweni okungaphansi kuka-150 psig (10 barg) ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kokushisa ngokweqile. Izivalo ezilinganisiwe zishintsha isilinganiso sejometri ukuze kuncishiswe amandla okuvala, zivumele ukuthi ziphathe ukucindezela okufika ku-600 psig (41 barg) noma ngaphezulu ngaphandle kokuguguleka kobuso ngokushesha.

Izivalo ezilodwa zinikeza ikhambi elingabizi kakhulu loketshezi olungenabungozi, kodwa amakhemikhali anobuthi noma aguquguqukayo kakhulu adinga ukumiswa kwezivalo ezimbili. Izivalo ezimbili ezicindezelwe (eziphindwe kabili) zisebenzisa uketshezi oluvimbela ukucindezela okuphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukukhishwa kwenqubo, kuyilapho izivalo ezimbili ezingacindezelwe (ezihlangene) zinikeza isipele sokuphepha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kulungiselelwe kanjani, ukushintsha kusuka eziboshweni zezingxenye ezikhululekile kuya eziboshweni ze-cartridge ezihlanganisiwe kunganciphisa amaphutha okufaka ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-70, njengoba ukwakheka kwe-cartridge kususa isidingo sokucindezela kwentwasahlobo ngesandla kanye nokulungiswa kobuso.

Yiziphi izinto zobuso, ama-elastomer, kanye nezingxenye zensimbi ezifanelana nesevisi yamakhemikhali

Ukubhanqa izinto zobuso kuyimbangela yesivalo somshini. I-Silicon Carbide (SiC) ehlanganiswe ne-SiC inikeza ukumelana kwamakhemikhali okuvamile kanye nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, yize ingaba buthakathaka. I-Tungsten Carbide (TC) inikeza ukuqina kokuqhekeka okuphezulu kwezicelo ze-torque ephezulu noma ezisindayo kodwa isengozini yama-asidi athile. I-Carbon graphite ivame ukusetshenziswa njengobuso bokuhlangana ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokuzigcoba, ezihlinzeka ngesivikelo ezimweni zokungasebenzi kahle kwesikhashana.

Izinto zokuvala zesibili (ama-elastomer) zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ama-O-rings ajwayelekile e-FKM (Viton) afaneleka kumakhemikhali amaningi afinyelela ku-200°C, kodwa izinyibilikisi ezinamandla kakhulu, ama-amine, noma amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-327°C zidinga ama-perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) afana ne-Kalrez. Kwizinto zensimbi—kufaka phakathi izipringi, ama-drive pins, kanye ne-cartridge gland—i-metallurgy kumele ithuthukiswe kusuka ku-316SS ejwayelekile iye ku-Alloy 20, Hastelloy C-276, noma i-Titanium lapho kuphathwa ama-acid noma ama-chloride anamandla.

Yiziphi izindlela zokuqhathanisa ezisiza ekuhloleni izinketho zesivalo

Ukuhlola lezi zinhlanganisela kudinga ukuqhathaniswa okuhlelekile kwemikhawulo yokushisa, ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokufaneleka kokusetshenziswa. Onjiniyela kumele bahlanganise uketshezi lwenqubo yokubhekisela kumashadi okuhambisana nezinto ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuso obuyinhloko noma ama-elastomer esibili ngeke anciphe.

*(Qaphela: Umkhawulo wesakhiwo se-SiC; umkhawulo wangempela wesivalo unqunywa yi-elastomer kanye nezingxenye zensimbi.)

Indlela Yokuhlola Izindinganiso, Izinhlelo Zokusekela, kanye Nabahlinzeki

I-seal yomshini ayivami ukusebenza yodwa; isikhathi sayo sokuphila sincike kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusekela ezisizayo kanye nokunamathela ezindinganisweni zobunjiniyela bomhlaba wonke. Ingqalasizinda ezungezile ilawula indawo yokusebenza kwe-seal, ihlinzeka ngokupholisa okubalulekile, ukuthambisa, kanye nokulawulwa kwengcindezi.

Ukuhlola abahlinzeki kanye nezinhlelo zabo zokusekela kubaluleke kakhulu njengokukhetha ihadiwe yesivalo uqobo, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuhambisana.

Yimaphi amazinga, izidingo zokuthobela imithetho, kanye nezincazelo zesitshalo ezisebenzayo

Imininingwane efana ne-API 682 (Uhlelo lwesi-4) kanye ne-ISO 21049 inikeza izinhlaka eziqinile zokuhlukanisa izivalo, ukuhlola, kanye nokubhala imibhalo emikhakheni ye-petrochemical kanye neyamakhemikhali. Ngenkathi izitshalo zamakhemikhali ezijwayelekile zivame ukusebenzisa iziqondiso ze-ANSI/ASME B73.1, ukwamukela izimiso ze-API 682 zezicelo zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile kuqinisekisa isisekelo esiphezulu sokuthembeka.

Imininingwane ethile yezitshalo nayo idlala indima enkulu. Izikhungo eziningi ziphoqelela amazinga obunjiniyela bangaphakathi agunyaza ama-compounds athile e-elastomeric, anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezithile (isb., ukuvimbela ama-alloy ethusi enkonzweni ye-ammonia), noma adinga ubukhulu be-cartridge gland obujwayelekile ukuze kuncishiswe ubunzima bempahla.

Uma izinhlelo zokuhlanza zidingeka, izinhlelo zokuvimbela, izinsimbi, kanye nezinsizakusebenza ziyadingeka

Izinhlelo zokulawula imvelo, ezichazwe ngamapulani epayipi le-API, zibalulekile ekushintsheni imvelo yegumbi lokuvala. Uhlelo oluyisisekelo 11 lusebenzisa umugqa wokudlula ovela ekukhishweni kwephampu ukuze luhlanze ubuso bokuvala, lunikeze ukupholisa nokuvimbela ukwakheka komhwamuko. Kuketshezi olunobuthi noma oluyingozi oludinga ukuvala okubili, uhlelo lwe-Plan 53A luvame ukusetshenziswa.

Uhlelo 53A lusebenzisa idamu langaphandle ukuhlinzeka ngoketshezi oluvimbelayo olucindezelwe phakathi kobuso obubili bophawu. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi lwenqubo aluphumi ngaphandle, lolu hlelo lokuvimbela kumele lusetshenziswe futhi lugcinwe okungenani ibha eyi-1.5 (22 psi) ngaphezu kokucindezela okukhulu kwegumbi lokuvala okulindelekile. Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zingadinga Uhlelo 54, olusebenzisa uhlelo lokugcoba lwangaphandle oluphakathi, oluphoqelelwe ukujikeleza kwegazi ukuze luphathe imithwalo yokushisa eyeqile.

Indlela yokuhlola ukuhlolwa kwabahlinzeki, ukwesekwa, kanye nezikhathi zokuhola

Ukuhlolwa kokuthengwa kumele kufinyelele emandleni okusebenza komkhiqizi. Abahlinzeki kufanele banikeze izinqubo zokuhlola eziguquguqukayo ezibhaliwe, ezifakazela ukusebenza kwesivalo ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela ezilingisiwe kanye nesivinini ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic kwe-seal gland kufike ku-1.5 izikhathi zokucindezela kokusebenza okuvunyelwe okuphezulu (MAWP) kuyimfuneko ejwayelekile yokuphepha.

Izikhathi zokukhokha kanye nokusekelwa kwendawo kuyizinto ezibalulekile zokuthutha. Ngenkathi izivalo zekhatriji ze-ANSI ezijwayelekile zingase zibe nezikhathi zokukhokha zesonto eli-1 kuya kwamabili, izivalo ze-alloy eziklanywe kahle zingadinga amasonto ayi-8 kuya kwayi-12 ukuze zikhiqizwe. Ikhono lomhlinzeki lokuhlinzeka ngezinhlelo zokulungisa ngokushesha, uhlu lwezingxenye zokuguga olutholakala endaweni, kanye nobunjiniyela bokuxazulula izinkinga endaweni kuthinta ngqo ukutholakala kwephampu yesitshalo iyonke.

Yikuphi Inqubo Esebenzayo Okufanele Amaqembu Ayisebenzise Ukukhetha Umshini Wokwenza Izinto

Ukushintsha kusuka ekucacisweni kwethiyori kuya ekuthengweni okusebenzayo kudinga umsebenzi wobunjiniyela ohlelekile nohlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Amaqembu okusebenza, ukugcinwa, kanye nokuthembeka kumele abambisane ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uphawu olukhethiwe luhambisana namaqiniso enqubo kanye namakhono okugcinwa.

Inqubo yokukhetha ejwayelekile ivimbela izinqumo zokuthenga okungahleliwe, inciphise ukuminyana kwempahla kanye nokuqinisekisa imiphumela ethembekile eqhubekayo kuyo yonke imboni yamakhemikhali.

Yikuphi ukuhamba komsebenzi kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo okusiza ukufanisa uhlobo lwesivalo nezimo zokusebenza

Iphrothokholi yokukhetha kufanele iqale ngencazelo ephelele yoketshezi, ibhale phansi izingozi zamakhemikhali, i-pH, i-viscosity, kanye nomfutho womusi. Isinyathelo sesibili sihilela ukumaka imikhawulo yokusebenza, ukubala isici sokucindezela isivinini (i-PV), kanye nokuqinisekisa imikhawulo yobukhulu bebhokisi lokugcwala. Isinyathelo sesithathu sidinga ukunquma izilawuli zemvelo ezidingekayo (Amapulani Okuhambisa Amapayipi e-API) ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi ezitholakele ezifana nokwakheka kwekristalu noma ukukhanya.

Okokugcina, isinyathelo sesine sinquma ukukhethwa kwezinto zobuso, ama-elastomer, kanye ne-metallurgy ngokusekelwe kudatha eqoqwe. Lo msebenzi ohlelekile uqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele itholakala kusenesikhathi; isibonelo, ukuqaphela ukuthi umkhawulo womfutho ophansi womswakama woketshezi udinga uphawu lwe-Plan 53A oluphindwe kabili ngaphambi kokuba uphawu olulodwa olushibhile nolunganele luhlelwe ngephutha.

Indlela yokulinganisela izindleko zemali mboleko nesikhathi senkonzo kanye nengozi yokulungisa

Ukufaneleka kwezezimali kumele kuguquke kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwemali kokuqala (i-CapEx) kuye ku-Total Cost of Ownership (i-TCO).

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu se-Mechanical Seal
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yini okufanele abathengi bayiqhathanise kuqala lapho bethola i-Mechanical Seal?

Qala ngokuhamba komoya/ububanzi be-spec, izidingo zokuthobela imithetho, imikhawulo yokufaka, kanye nenqubomgomo yezingxenye ezisele ngemuva kokuthengisa. Lezi zici ezine zivame ukunquma ubungozi obuphelele kanye nekhwalithi ye-margin.

Abafundi bangazilawula kanjani izindleko zokufakwa kwe-Mechanical Seal?

I-FOB yeyunithi ehlukanisiwe, umthamo wokupakisha, ukusetshenziswa kwesitsha, intela yentela, kanye nesilinganiso sokubuyiselwa okulindelekile. Imodeli elula yezindleko ezitholwe yizinga le-SKU isiza ukugwema ukumangala kwe-margin.

Yiziphi izitifiketi ezivame ukudingeka kwi-Mechanical Seal ezimakethe ezibalulekile?

Izidingo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngemakethe yendawo oya kuyo; qinisekisa amazinga okuhambisana nogesi/ukuphepha nezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphambi kokuqinisekiswa kwe-PO, futhi ugcine imibiko yelabhorethri ixhumene nezinguqulo ze-SKU eziqondile.

Abasabalalisi kufanele bazibeke kanjani izinhloso ze-MOQ kanye ne-inventory ze-Mechanical Seal?

Sebenzisa isikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwesidingo sesiteshi kanye nesikhathi sokuhola ukusetha i-MOQ enezinga. Gcina ama-SKU ahamba ngokushesha esitokweni ngenkathi unciphisa izinhlobo ze-long-tail ezineziphendulo ezisheshayo kanye nezindleko zokubamba eziphakeme.

Yiluphi uhlu lokuhlola olusebenzayo lokulawula ikhwalithi lwama-oda e-Mechanical Seal?

Chaza i-AQL, uhlu lwezinkinga ezibalulekile, ukuhlolwa komsebenzi, kanye nokuhlolwa kokwehla kokupakisha. Sebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokuthunyelwa futhi ugcine iluphu yempendulo yeziphambeko elandelekayo efektri.