Indlela Yokuthola Uphawu Olufanele Lwemishini Yamaphampu Amakhemikhali

Isingeniso

Ukukhetha uphawu lomshini lwephampu yamakhemikhali kuyisinqumo sokuphepha, ukuthembeka, kanye nezindleko kanye nokukhetha kwengxenye. Uphawu olufanele kumele luhambisane nokugqwala koketshezi, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ingcindezi yomhwamuko, kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ngenkathi kufaneleka nomklamo wephampu kanye nezimo zokusebenza. Ukufaniswa okubi kungaholela ekuvuza, ukuguguleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuvalwa okungahleliwe, kanye nezingozi zokuthobela imithetho yesevisi eyingozi. Lesi sihloko sichaza izici ezibalulekile eziqhuba ukukhethwa kophawu, ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zophawu nezinto ezisebenza kanjani ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali, nokuthi yini okufanele uyibukeze ngaphambi kokucacisa noma ukufaka esikhundleni uphawu ukuze iphampu isebenze isikhathi eside futhi iphephe kakhudlwana.

Kungani Kubalulekile Ukukhetha Isivikelo Esifanele Semishini Yamaphampu Amakhemikhali

Izivalo zemishini zisebenza njengesithiyo esiyinhloko sokuvimbela ekufakweni kwamakhemikhali, okunquma ngokuyisisekelo ukuthembeka nokuphepha kwezinhlelo zokudlulisa uketshezi. Ezindaweni ezisingatha imithombo enamandla, enobuthi, noma evuthayo kakhulu, ukucaciswa kwalezi zingxenye kudlula ukulungiswa okuyisisekelo; kuyisidingo esibalulekile sobunjiniyela. Isivalo esingakhethwanga kahle asisheshisi nje kuphela ukuwohloka kwemishini kodwa futhi siveza izikhungo ekuphukeni koketshezi okubi kakhulu.

Ubunzima bokucubungula amakhemikhali budinga indlela eqinile yokukhetha izivalo. Onjiniyela kumele bahlole iziguquguquko ezishintshashintshayo kusukela ku-rheology yoketshezi oluyinkimbinkimbi kuya ekushintsheni okukhulu kokushisa. Ngokuqonda indima eyisisekeloizimpawu zomshiniukudlala ekwakhiweni kwesistimu, abaqhubi bezitshalo banganciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe futhi bathuthukise izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila kwemishini yabo ejikelezayo.

Umthelela ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi, ukuphepha, kanye nokuthobela imithetho

Ekukhiqizeni amakhemikhali, ubuqotho besivalo busho ngqo isikhathi sokusebenza kwesitshalo kanye nenzuzo yokusebenza. Ukwehluleka kwesivalo somshini kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokungasebenzi kwepompo yamakhemikhali, okuvame ukudinga ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo ngokushesha kanye nokugcinwa okuphuthumayo okubizayo. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa komkhiqizo, ukuphepha kanye nokuthobela imithetho yemvelo kuncike kakhulu ekuthembekeni kokulawula.

Izinhlangano ezilawulayo ziphoqelela imikhawulo eqinile ekukhishweni komoya okubalekayo. Isibonelo, i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ivame ukuphoqelela ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-volatile organic compound (VOC) okuvela emishinini ejikelezayo kuhlale kungaphansi kwezingxenye ezingu-500 ngesigidi (ppm). Ukufeza lo mkhawulo oqinile, kanye nokwelula i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) kuze kube yizinhloso ezidlula izinyanga ezingu-36, kudinga ikhambi lokuvala eliklanywe kahle elilungiselelwe indawo ethile yamakhemikhali.

Izimo zokusebenza ezandisa ingozi yokwehluleka kwesivalo

Izimo zokusebenza ezishintshashintshayo ziveza izivalo zemishini emathubeni aphezulu okwehluleka. Izimo zesikhashana, njengokuqala kwepompo, ukuvala, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenqubo, zifaka ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwemishini kanye nokushisa okuvame ukunganakwa ukubalwa kwesimo esizinzile. Ukuqhuma kwe-cavitation kanye nokusebenza okomile kuyalimaza kakhulu, njengoba ukulahleka kwefilimu yoketshezi phakathi kobuso be-seal kuholela ekushiseni okusheshayo kokungqubuzana kanye nokuqhekeka kokushisa okulandelayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo zamakhemikhali zivame ukubandakanya ukushaqeka kokushisa, lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-200°C ngemizuzwana embalwa. Ukuguquguquka okunjalo okusheshayo kungabangela ukuphuma kwe-elastomer noma ukuphahlaza izinto zobuso ezibuthakathaka njenge-silicon carbide. Ukuguguleka okubuhlungu okuvela kuketshezi olucwebezelayo noma izinhlayiya ezilengisiwe nakho kusheshisa kakhulu ukuwohloka kobuso, kudinga ukubhanqa okukhethekile kobuso obuqinile kanye nokulawulwa kwemvelo ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi zokuhluleka.

Yikuphi Idatha Yokusebenza Okufanele Ichazwe Ngaphambi Kokukhetha Isivalo

Ukucaciswa okunembile kudinga iphrofayili yokusebenza ephelele. Ukuthembela kumapharamitha ephampu ajwayelekile ngaphandle kokuhlaziya izimo eziqondile ngaphakathi kwegumbi lokuvala ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekwehlulekeni kwengxenye ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ubunjiniyela kanyeamaqembu okulungisakumele ahlanganise isethi yedatha ephelele echaza indlela esebenza ngayo uketshezi, amandla okushisa, kanye nemikhawulo yendlela yokusebenza.

Izakhiwo zoketshezi, ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile

Izici zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-pomped medium zakha isisekelo sazo zonke izinqumo zobunjiniyela be-seal. Ukuqina, amazinga e-pH, amandla adonsela phansi athile, kanye nomfutho womusi kuthinta ngqo ukwakheka kwefilimu yoketshezi kanye nokugcotshwa kobuso. Ukupompa uketshezi eduze komfutho womusi wabo kuyingozi yokukhanya ebusweni be-seal, okudinga ukupholisa okuqondisiwe noma ukukhuliswa kwengcindezi.

Imingcele yokucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa kumele ihlanganise kokubili amazinga okusebenza ajwayelekile kanye nezimo eziphezulu zokuphahlazeka. Amaphampu amakhemikhali avame ukufaka izivalo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwebhokisi lokugcwala kufika ku-25 bar kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile kunquma ubulukhuni bezinto zobuso kanye ne-geometry yesivalo; ukuhlushwa kwezinto eziqinile okudlula u-5% ngesisindo ngokuvamile kudinga izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuhlanza noma izivalo ezimanzi ukuvimbela ukugoba kobuso kanye nokuvaleka kwentwasahlobo.

Isivinini somgodi, ukuhlelwa kwephampu, kanye nohlelo lwamapayipi

Izici ze-Kinematic nezesakhiwo zithonya kakhulu amandla okuvala. Ijubane lomgodi, ngokuvamile lisukela ku-1,450 kuya ku-3,600 RPM kumaphampu amakhemikhali ajwayelekile, linquma ijubane elingaphandle ebusweni besivalo. Ijubane eliphezulu lidala ukushisa okukhulu okungqubuzanayo, okudinga ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okuthuthukisiwe ezintweni zobuso ezikhethiwe kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa ezilungiselelwe.

Ukuhlelwa kwephampu—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuqondile, kuqondile, noma kuqondile—kushintsha amandla emvelo okungenisa umoya kanye nokukhipha amanzi egumbi lokuvala. Amaphampu aqondile, isibonelo, avame ukubamba umoya endaweni yokuvala umoya, adinga ukumiswa kokungenisa umoya okuthile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusebenza okomile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo lokufaka umoya olukhethiwe lwe-API 682 (njenge-Plan 11 ye-bypass flush noma i-Plan 53A ye-barrier fluid ecindezelwe) kumele luhlanganiswe ngokungenamthungo nemingcele yendawo kanye neye-hydraulic yephampu.

Izinto zokuvala ubuso, ama-elastomer, kanye nezingxenye zensimbi

Ukuhambisana kwezinto ezibonakalayo kunquma isikhathi eside se-sealing interface kanye nezinto zokuvala zesibili. Ubuso be-seal eyinhloko kumele bulinganisele ubulukhuni, ukuthambisa, kanye nokungangeni kwamakhemikhali. I-Silicon Carbide (SiC) iyindinganiso yemboni ngenxa yokumelana kwayo namakhemikhali kanye nokushabalalisa ukushisa okuhle kakhulu, yize i-Tungsten Carbide (TC) ingakhethwa kuma-slurry ahlukumezayo kakhulu, angaboli.

Ama-elastomer esibili abaluleke ngokulinganayo futhi avame ukumelela isixhumanisi esibuthakathaka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali. Ama-fluoroelastomer ajwayelekile (i-FKM) angase anciphe ngokushesha kuma-solvents anamandla, adinga ukuthuthukiswa abe ama-perfluoroelastomers (i-FFKM), anikeza ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali okuseduze nendawo yonke futhi angamelana namazinga okushisa okusebenza aqhubekayo afinyelela ku-320°C. Izingxenye zensimbi, kufaka phakathi izipringi nama-drive collars, kumele futhi zimelane nokuhlaselwa okubolayo, okuvame ukudinga ukusetshenziswa kwama-alloy ane-nickel ephezulu njenge-Hastelloy C-276 noma i-Alloy 20 esikhundleni sensimbi engagqwali ejwayelekile engu-316.

Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Izinketho Zokuvala Zemishini Zamaphampu Amakhemikhali

Ukuhlola ukwakheka kwezimpawu zomshini kudinga ukulinganisela ukuqina kokugcinwa kanye nokusebenza kokufakwa.imboni yamakhemikhaliisebenzisa ububanzi bemiklamo yesivalo, ngayinye eyenzelwe ukubhekana namaphrofayili athile engozi kanye nezici zoketshezi. Ukuqhathanisa lezi zinketho kuqinisekisa ngokuhlelekile ukuthi ukucushwa okukhethiwe kuhambisana nezidingo zomthetho kanye nemikhawulo yesabelomali.

Amacala okusetshenziswa kwesivalo esisodwa, esikabili, kanye nesekhatriji

Izivalo zomshini ezilodwa zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingeyona ingozi, ezingenabo ubuthi lapho ukuvuza okuncane, kwesikhashana emoyeni kungafaki ingozi yokuphepha noma yezemvelo. Zithembela kuphela oketshezini olupompiwe ukuze zigcotshwe futhi ziyisisombululo esingabizi kakhulu samakhemikhali angenamanzi noma izinyibilikisi ezithambile.

Izivalo ezimbili ziyadingeka eziketshezini ezinobuthi obukhulu, ezibangela umdlavuza, noma ezishintshashintshayo. Izivalo ezimbili ezingacindezelwanga (tandem) zinikeza ungqimba lokusekelayo lokuthwala, kuyilapho izivalo ezimbili ezicindezelweyo (eziphindwe kabili) zisebenzisa uketshezi oluvimbelayo ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kunegumbi lepompo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukukhishwa kwenqubo emkhathini. Izivalo ze-Cartridge, ezipakisha ubuso bezivalo, iziphethu, kanye nepuleti le-gland zibe yiyunithi eyodwa ehlanganisiwe, zithandwa kakhulu kuzo zombili izilungiselelo zodwa kanye nezimbili ngenxa yokulungiswa kwazo ngokunemba kanye nokulula kokufakwa, okunciphisa kakhulu amaphutha abantu ngesikhathi sokulungiswa.

Ukushintshana okubalulekile phakathi kwezinhlobo zesivalo

Ukukhetha phakathi kokulungiswa kuhilela ukuhwebelana okuhlukile kobunjiniyela, ikakhulukazi ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwemali yokuqala (i-CAPEX) ngokumelene nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kanye nokulawula ukukhishwa komoya. Nakuba izimbobo ezilodwa zinikeza izindleko eziphansi zangaphambilini kanye nokufakwa okulula, azinikezi ukuphindaphinda uma ubuso obuyinhloko buhluleka.

Izivalo ezicindezelwe kabili zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo kuze kube cishe ku-zero (ngokuvamile kufinyelela amazinga okuvuza angaphansi kuka-0.1 mg/m³), kodwa zidinga izinhlelo zokusekela uketshezi oluyisithiyo oluyinkimbinkimbi (njenge-API Plan 53A, 53B, noma 54). Ukusebenzisa isivalo esiphindwe kabili nohlelo lwayo lokusekela oluhambisanayo kungabangela ukwanda kwe-CAPEX ngo-40% kuya ku-60% uma kuqhathaniswa nokufakwa kwesivalo esisodwa. Kodwa-ke, ngamakhemikhali ayingozi, le ndleko incishiswa ukuqedwa kwezinhlawulo zomthetho kanye nokuvimbela ukuvalwa kwezitshalo okubi kakhulu.

Izici zokulinganisa kanye nokushintshana

Ukunamathela ezindinganisweni zemboni ezifana ne-API 682 noma i-ISO 21049 kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukwenziwa kwezindinganiso kuzo zonke izikhungo zamakhemikhali. Lezi zindinganiso zihlukanisa izivalo ngosayizi womgodi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezilinganiso zokucindezela, okudala uhlaka olufanayo olwenza inqubo yokucacisa ibe lula.

Ukushintshashintshana kuyisici esibalulekile sezezimali semisebenzi emikhulu. Ukulinganisa indawo ethile ye-cartridge seal kumamodeli amaningi ephampu kunciphisa inani elidingekayo lezingxenye ezisele. Ngokusebenzisa izingxenye ezishintshaniswayo, izikhungo zinganciphisa izindleko zazo zokugcina impahla, zithuthukise ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe, futhi zisheshise isikhathi esimaphakathi sokulungisa (MTTR) ngesikhathi sokwehluleka kwemishini okungalindelekile.

Yikuphi Inqubo Yokukhetha Esiza Ekucaciseni Isici Esifanele Somshini

Ukuhamba komsebenzi osemthethweni wokuchazwa kunciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka kwesivalo esiyinhlekelele. Ukukhetha isivalo somshini akuyona into yokuthenga eyedwa; kuyinqubo yobunjiniyela ebambisene edinga uvo oluvela eminyangweni eminingi yezikhungo. Ukusungula inqubo yokubuyekezwa eqinile kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izincazelo zobuchwepheshe ziyahambisana namaqiniso okusebenza kanye namakhono abaphakeli.

Ukubuyekezwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo kobunjiniyela, ukulungiswa, kanye nokuthenga

Indlela ehlukahlukene iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke iziguquguquko zokusebenza ziyaxazululwa. Ubunjiniyela bezinqubo kumele kuqala buchaze ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuqondile, ukuhlushwa, kanye nephrofayili yokushisa koketshezi, kufaka phakathi noma yikuphi ukungcola okungaba khona okungadala ukugqwala. Abasebenzi bokulungisa babe sebehlola umklamo wesivalo ohlongozwayo ukuze kube lula ukuwufaka, behlola ukuthi indawo inezindawo ezidingekayo yini kanye nezinsiza zezinhlelo zokusekela eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Okokugcina, amaqembu okuthenga nokuthenga ahlaziya izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi (i-TCO) kunokuba ahlaziye intengo yokuqala yokuthenga. Lokhu kubuyekezwa okusebenza ngokuhlanganisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi uphawu oluqinile ngobuchwepheshe alukhiqizwe ngaphandle kwephrojekthi, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, uphawu olukhiqizwe ngokweqile alufakwa kuphampu yokusetshenziswa enobungozi obuphansi.

Ukuhlolwa komhlinzeki kanye nemibhalo yekhwalithi

Izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi eqinile kumele ziqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthenga. Abahlinzeki abathembekile kufanele banikeze amadokhumenti aphelele, kufaka phakathi imibiko yokuhlola yezinto ezibonakalayo (isib. izitifiketi ze-EN 10204 3.1) ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bensimbi yezingxenye ezimanzi kanye nobuqiniso be-elastomers.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwefektri kubaluleke kakhulu. Izivalo zemishini ezisebenzayo kakhulu kufanele zihlolwe ngamanzi kuze kube yi-1.5 ingcindezi yokusebenza evumelekile izikhathi eziyi-1.5 ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bomngcele wokucindezela. Onjiniyela kufanele futhi bacele imibiko yokuthamba kwe-optical yobuso besivalo, baqinisekise ukubekezelela ukuthamba komphezulu kwamabhande okukhanya e-helium angu-2 kuya kwangu-3 (cishe ama-micron angu-0.6 kuya ku-0.9) ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu yoketshezi okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuvuza okuncane.

Amaphutha avamile okucacisa okufanele uwagweme

Ukwephulwa kobungcweti kuvame ukulimaza ubude besikhathi sokuvala. Iphutha elikhulu ukwehluleka ukubala umkhawulo wokucindezela komusi ngokunembile; umkhawulo omncane ongu-10°C phakathi kwezinga lokushisa lokusebenza kanye nendawo yokubila yoketshezi ekucindezelweni kwebhokisi lokugcwala ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukukhiya komusi nokusebenza okomile.

Elinye iphutha elivamile ukunganaki ukuhambisana koketshezi oluvimbelayo ekuhleleni okubili kophawu. Uma uketshezi oluvimbelayo lusabela ngamakhemikhali nemidiya yenqubo ngesikhathi sokuvuza okuncane kophawu olungaphakathi, kungabangela imvula, ukuwohloka koketshezi, noma ukusabela okuqhumayo. Okokugcina, ukwehluleka ukucabangela ukucindezeleka kwepayipi kanye nokungahambisani kahle kwephampu ngesikhathi sesigaba sokucaciswa kungaholela ekuqhumeni okukhulu kwe-radial, okubhubhisa ngokushesha ikhono lokulandelela ubuso bophawu.

Indlela Yokwenza Ukukhetha Kokugcina Kwesivalo Semishini

Umphumela wokuhlolwa kobunjiniyela udinga ukuhlanganiswa okucacile kweziguquguquko zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho. Ukwenza ukukhetha kokugcina kwe-mechanical seal kudinga uhlaka olucacile olulinganisa izindleko kusengaphambili nokuphepha kokusebenza kwesikhathi eside. I-matrix yesinqumo ehlelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi i-seal ekhethiwe inikeza ukulawulwa okuhle ngaphandle kokubeka imithwalo yezezimali engadingekile.

Izindlela zokuthatha izinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu

Izinqumo zokugcina zokuthenga kumele zidlule izindleko zokuqala zenhlokodolobha. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila (i-LCC), okulindelwe eminyakeni emi-5 kuya kweyi-10 yokusebenza, kuyisinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kumele kufake izindleko zesivalo, izindleko zezingxenye ezithathelwa indawo, umsebenzi odingekayo wokufakwa, kanye nomthelela wezezimali wezikhawu ze-MTBF ezilindelwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zezinsiza zezinhlelo zokusekela uphawu kumele zilinganiswe. Isibonelo, isidingo samanzi okupholisa esiqhubekayo se-heat exchanger ohlelweni lwe-API Plan 53B olusebenza amahora angu-8,760 ngonyaka singathinta kakhulu isabelomali sezinsiza sesikhungo. Isinqumo sokugcina sisekelwe ekulinganiseni lezi zilinganiso ze-LCC ngokumelene nesidingo esingaguquki sokuthobela imithetho yemvelo kanye nokuphepha kwabasebenzi.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sokuvalwa komshini wepompo yamakhemikhali
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiluphi ulwazi okufanele ngiluqoqe ngaphambi kokukhetha uphawu lomshini wepompo yamakhemikhali?

Qinisekisa igama loketshezi, i-pH, i-viscosity, ama-solids %, ingcindezi/izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo nelingasebenzi kahle, isivinini somshafu, imodeli yephampu, kanye nohlelo lokuhlanza olutholakalayo. Le datha iqhuba ukukhetha kobuso, i-elastomer, kanye nensimbi.

Yiziphi izinto zokuvala ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni ngamakhemikhali agqwalisayo?

Kuma-media anamandla, ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile yi-SiC/SiC faces, i-FFKM elastomers, kanye nezinsimbi ezingamelani nokugqwala njenge-Hastelloy C-276. Qondanisa izinto zokwakha nebanga eliqondile lamakhemikhali kanye nezinga lokushisa.

Ngingayikhetha kanjani isivalo samaphampu aphatha izinto eziqinile noma uketshezi oluqinisa ikristalu?

Sebenzisa ukubhanqa ubuso obuqinile njenge-silicon carbide, gwema imiklamo evame ukuvaleka, bese wengeza uhlelo olufanele lokuhlanzwa. Uma izinto eziqinile zibalulekile, isivalo esikwazi ukuhlanzwa noma i-cartridge sivame ukuba siphephile.

Ingabe i-Victor Seals ingahlinzeka ngezivalo ezihambisana ne-OEM zezinhlobo zamaphampu amakhemikhali?

Yebo. I-Victor Seals inikeza izivalo ezishintshayo nezihambisana ne-OEM zemikhiqizo efaka phakathi i-Grundfos, i-IMO, i-Alfa Laval, i-APV, i-Flygt, i-Fristam, i-Lowara, ne-Allweiler ngezidingo zokulungisa nokulungisa.

Kufanele ngisebenzise nini uphawu lwe-cartridge mechanical kuphampu yamakhemikhali?

Khetha uphawu lwekhatriji uma ufuna ukufakwa okusheshayo, amaphutha ambalwa okusetha, kanye nokugcinwa okuthembekile kakhudlwana. Kuwusizo ikakhulukazi kumaphampu amakhemikhali abalulekile lapho isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nengozi yokuvuza kufanele kuncishiswe khona.