Isingeniso
Ukusebenza kokuvala ngomshini kuncike kakhulu ekutheni amandla okuvala akhiqizwa kanjani, futhi ukwakheka kwentwasahlobo kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa amalungiselelo entwasahlobo eyodwa kanye nentwasahlobo eminingi, umehluko udlula inani lezingxenye: uthinta ukuthembeka, ukumelana nokungcola, ukulingana komgodi, kanye nokuziphatha ngaphansi kokudlidliza, ukuguguleka, kanye nokunyakaza kokushisa. Lesi sihloko sigxile kukuvala ngomshini ngomshini ngomshini ngomshini ngomshini ngenkathi siwubeka ngokumelene nenye indlela yentwasahlobo eminingi, ukuze ubone ukuthi umklamo ngamunye usebenza kahle kakhulu kuphi. Ekugcineni, uzoba nesisekelo esisebenzayo sokukhetha ukucushwa kokuvala okulungile kwesevisi yepompo, izimo zokusebenza, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ekulungisweni.
Izivalo Zomshini Ezikodwa vs Eziningi Zentwasahlobo
Izimpawu zemishini zithembele emishinini yazo yasentwasahloboukugcina ukuxhumana kobuso njalo ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuguquguqukayo, okukhokhela ukuguguleka kobuso, ukugeleza komgodi, kanye nokwandiswa kokushisa. Ukukhetha phakathi kokuhlelwa kwentwasahlobo eyodwa neningi kushintsha kakhulu impendulo yomshini, izidingo zendawo, kanye nokuba sengozini yokungcola kwemidiya kohlelo lokuvala. Ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo ezihlukile kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono isikhathi esimaphakathi phakathi kokwehluleka (i-MTBF) kuizicelo zephampu yezimboni, lapho ukukhetha okungafanele kwentwasahlobo kungaholela ekuvuzeni okubi kakhulu kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe.
Nakuba zombili lezi zakhiwo zifeza injongo efanayo yokuhlinzeka ngamandla okuvala adingekayo ebusweni besivalo esiyinhloko, ukusebenza kwazo kwejometri kunquma ukufaneleka kwazo ezindaweni ezithile zezimboni. Onjiniyela bezitshalo kumele bahlole lezi zakhiwo hhayi nje njengezingxenye ezishintshaniswayo, kodwa njengezinhlelo ezingaphansi eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela ezisebenzisana ngqo noketshezi olupompiwe.
Umehluko obalulekile womklamo
A uphawu olulodwa lwemishini yentwasahloboisebenzisa isiphethu esikhulu sekhoyili esinzima ukufaka amandla okuvala endandatho yokuvala eyinhloko. Le khoyili eyodwa ivame ukukhiqizwa ngentambo yokulinganisa okunzima, evame ukuba ngamamilimitha angu-3.0 kuya kwangu-5.0 ububanzi kuye ngobukhulu bomgodi othize. Ngenxa yengxenye yayo enkulu, isiphethu esisodwa siqinile futhi simelana kakhulu nokuwohloka kwesakhiwo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, uphawu lwezintwasahlobo eziningi lusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezintwasahlobo ezincane zekhoyili—ngokuvamile eziphakathi kwezintwasahlobo eziyisithupha nezingama-20 kuye ngobubanzi besiciko—ezigcinwe ngaphakathi kwendandatho yokugcina efakwe ngomshini. Lezi zintwasahlobo ezincane zisebenzisa ucingo oluncane kakhulu, ngokuvamile oluyi-1.0 kuya ku-2.0 millimeters ububanzi, oluhlelwe ngokuzungeza ubuso besiciko. Lo mklamo osabalele udinga inqubo yokukhiqiza eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kodwa uphumela emgudwini we-axial kanye ne-radial ohlangene kakhulu.
Ukusebenza kanye nokulawula ukuvuza
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okuvala kuyisici esiyinhloko sokuhlukanisa ukusebenza phakathi kwale miklamo emibili. Izivalo zentwasahlobo eziningi zinikeza iphrofayili yokulayisha ubuso efana kakhulu engama-degree angu-360. Lo mklamo uvame ukwakhiwa ukuze ugcine ingcindezi yobuso eqondile nengaguquguquki, ngokuvamile ephakathi kuka-0.15 no-0.25 MPa. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kunciphisa ukuphambuka kobuso futhi kuqinisekisa ukulandelela okuhambisanayo, okubaluleke kakhulu ngesivinini esiphezulu sokujikeleza lapho amafilimu oketshezi lwe-hydrodynamic kufanele agcinwe ngokuqinile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphawu olulodwa lwemishini yentwasahlobo lusebenzisa amandla avela kukhoyili eyodwa eqhubekayo, ejikelezayo. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla avela ekugoqweni kwentambo eyodwa ezungeze umgodi, kungabangela ukusatshalaliswa kokucindezela kobuso okungalingani kancane. Uma ijubane elikhulu, lokhu kulayisha okungalingani kungabangela ukuphambuka kobuso okuncane, okuholela ekugugeni okungalingani noma ekukhiqizweni kokushisa kwendawo. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo olunzima lwentwasahlobo eyodwa lunikeza ukumelana okuphezulu ekukhululekeni kwe-centrifugal, okwenza kube okuzinzile kakhulu ngesivinini esijwayelekile nesiphansi sokusebenza.
Imikhawulo yesevisi kanye nokufaneleka kwabezindaba
Izici zemidiya ekugcineni zinquma imikhawulo yesevisi ephelele yomklamo ngamunye wentwasahlobo. Iziphethu ezilodwa zisebenza kahle ezindaweni ezinzima, ezihudulayo, noma eziqinile kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwazo okukhulu, okuvulekile kwekhoyili kuyamelana nokuvaleka kwezinhlayiya ezilengayo, uketshezi olujiyile, noma imidiya eqinisayo. Uketshezi olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziqinile lungageza kalula ngezikhala ezinkulu entwasahlobo eyodwa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuguquguquka kwayo kwemishini.
Imiklamo yezinhlobo eziningi zentwasahlobo, yize ingcono kakhulu koketshezi oluhlanzekile, isengozini enkulu yokungcola. Izinhlayiya eziqinile, ama-slurry, noma uketshezi olu-polymerizing lungafakwa kalula emaphaketheni amancane entwasahlobo ngaphakathi kwe-retainer. Uma la maphakethe egcwele, izinhlayiya ezincane ziyavaleka noma "ziminyaniswe," okwenza uphawu luqine. Lokhu kulahlekelwa ukuguquguquka kuvimbela uphawu ukuthi lulandelele umgodi, okuholela ekuvuza okusheshayo nokukhulu.
| Isici | Isivalo Esisodwa Semishini Yentwasahlobo | Isivalo Semishini Esinezintwasahlobo Eziningi |
|---|---|---|
| Ububanzi bentambo yasentwasahlobo | Okukhulu (3.0 – 5.0+ mm) | Encane (1.0 – 2.0 mm) |
| Ukusatshalaliswa Komthwalo Wobuso | Okumaphakathi/Okungalingani | Ifana Kakhulu/Ilingana Kakhulu |
| Ukumelana Nokuvinjelwa | Kuhle kakhulu (Ukwakhiwa Okuvulekile) | Abampofu (Amaphakethe Avalekile) |
| Umkhawulo Wesivinini Ojwayelekile | Okumaphakathi (< 15 m/s) | Okuphezulu (> 20 m/s) |
Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Izinketho Zophawu
Ukuhlola nokuqhathanisa izinketho zesivalo kudinga ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwemingcele yemishini, ye-thermodynamic, kanye neyendawo. Onjiniyela kumele bavumelanise izici zomzimba zesivalo nezidingo zokusebenza kwemishini ejikelezayo, bevame ukubhekisela ezindinganisweni eziqinile zemboni njenge-API 682 yezicelo ezibalulekile ze-petrochemical kanye ne-refinery. Ukuqhathaniswa okufanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwesivalo esikhethiwe ngeke kuhambisane nemishini kuphela kodwa futhi kuzosinda ezimweni ezithile eziguquguqukayo zenqubo.
Izindlela zokukhetha
Izindlela zokukhetha eziyinhloko zigxile kububanzi bomgodi, isivinini sokujikeleza, kanye nengcindezi yokusebenza. Izivalo zentwasahlobo eziningi ngokuvamile ziyindinganiso ekhethwayo yesivinini somgodi esingaphezu kuka-3000 RPM noma ijubane lobuso elingaphezu kwamamitha angu-20 ngomzuzwana. Ubunzima bazo obuncane, obusabalele buvimbela ukuphambuka kwe-centrifugal okungahlasela ama-single coil amakhulu ngesivinini esiphezulu.
Izilinganiso zokucindezela nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhathaniseni. Nakuba zombili lezi zakhiwo zingaklanywa ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe noma ezingalingani, izivalo zemishini zentwasahlobo eyodwa ezingalingani ngokuvamile zikhawulelwe ekucindezelweni kwebhokisi lokugcwala ngaphansi kwe-1.0 MPa (145 psi). Ngezicelo zokucindezela okuphezulu, izivalo zentwasahlobo eziningi ezilinganisiwe zivame ukucaciswa. Zisingatha ngokunethezeka izingcindezi ezifika ku-3.0 MPa (435 psi) ekulungiselelweni okujwayelekile ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso sebhalansi esilungiselelwe kahle—ngokuvamile esiklanywe phakathi kuka-0.70 no-0.85—ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kokushisa ebusweni besivalo.
Izindlela zokwehluleka kanye nokuzwela kokufakwa
Izindlela zokuzwela ukufakwa kanye nokwehluleka ziyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zakhiwo ezimbili. I-spring mechanical seal eyodwa yaqashelwa ngokomlando ngokuba nentethelelo enkulu maqondana nokubekezelelana kokufakwa kwe-axial. Ivame ukwamukela amaphutha okugcina kwe-shaft, ukukhula kokushisa, noma ukufakwa kwama-millimeter angu-2.0$ ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umthwalo wobuso ngendlela edabukisayo. Kodwa-ke, iziphethu ezi-single conical zivame ukuba ziqondise—okusho ukuthi zithembele esiqondisweni esithile sokujikeleza kwe-shaft (inxeba lesokudla noma lesobunxele) ukuze ziqine ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ukufaka i-directional spring ku-reverse-rotating shaft kuzokwenza i-spring ikhululeke futhi yehluleke ngokushesha.
Izivalo ze-multi-spring zisusa inkinga yokujikeleza, njengoba iziphephetha zazo zokucindezela eziqondile zisebenza ngokuzimela endaweni yokujikeleza kwe-shaft. Kodwa-ke, zidinga ukufakwa okunembile. Ukubekezelelana kwe-axial kwe-multi-spring seal kuvame ukukhawulelwa ngokuqinile kumamilimitha angu-0.5$. Uma zifakwe ngokukhululekile kakhulu, isivalo sizovuza ekuqaleni; uma zicindezelwe kakhulu, iziphephetha ezincane zizobopha, okuholela ekugugeni kobuso ngokweqile kanye nokwehluleka kokushisa okusheshayo.
Izinto zokwakha kanye nokulinganisela okucatshangelwayo
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha iziphethu kuyiphuzu elibalulekile lokuqhathanisa, elithonywa kakhulu yi-corrosion allowance yentambo. Ngenxa yokuthi iziphethu eziningi zisebenzisa ucingo oluncane (1.0 kuya ku-2.0 mm), zinokubekezelela okuphansi kakhulu kokugqwala noma ukugqwala okufanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, iziphethu eziningi ezijwayelekile zivame ukukhiqizwa ngama-alloy asezingeni eliphezulu njenge-Hastelloy C-276, i-Alloy 20, noma i-Inconel 718 ukuqinisekisa ukuhlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinolaka zamakhemikhali.
Iziphethu ezilodwa ziyazuza endaweni enkulu enqamulayo, okuhlinzeka ngesibonelelo esikhulu sokugqwala esakhelwe ngaphakathi. Lokhu kuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi bavame ukucacisa i-Stainless Steel ejwayelekile engu-316 yeziphethu ezilodwa ngisho nasezindaweni ezingcolisa kancane, njengoba kungathatha iminyaka ukuthi ukugqwala kungene ocingweni olungu-4.0 mm ngokwanele ukuze kubangele ukwehluleka kwesakhiwo.
| Imininingwane | Ukucushwa Kwentwasahlobo Eyodwa | Ukucushwa Kwentwasahlobo Eningi |
|---|---|---|
| Ukubekezelela Ukufakwa Kwe-Axial | $\pm 2.0$ mm (Ukuthethelela) | $\pm 0.5$ mm (Okuqinile) |
| Ukuqondiswa Okujikelezayo | Ngokuvamile Kuqondisa (Okuyindilinga) | Akuqondisi |
| Izinto Ezijwayelekile Zentwasahlobo | 316 Insimbi Engagqwali | I-Hastelloy C-276 / Ingxubevange 20 |
| Umkhawulo Wokucindezela (Ongalingani) | $\le 1.0$ MPa | $\le 1.2$ MPa |
Indlela Yokukhetha I-Seal Efanele
Inqubo yokuthengwa kanye nokucaciswa kobunjiniyela incike ekuqinisekisweni okuqinile kwedatha yokusetshenziswa kwensimu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-curve okusebenza komkhiqizi. Ukukhetha ukwakheka kwesivalo esifanele akuyona indaba yokukhetha okuvamile, kodwa inqubo eqinile yokufanisa ubuchwepheshe evimbela ukuwohloka kwemishini ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Indlela yesinqumo ehlelekile kumele ilandelwe ukuze kuqedwe izinto eziguquguqukayo futhi kuhlukaniswe ubuchwepheshe bokuvala obuhle kakhulu.
Idatha yohlelo lokusebenza okufanele iqinisekiswe
Izakhiwo zoketshezi zisebenza njengomlamuli oqinile wokukhetha uphawu. Onjiniyela kumele baqinisekise ngokunembile i-dynamic viscosity, iphuzu lokwakheka kwekristalu, kanye nokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya zemidiya epompiwe. Izingqimba zicacile kakhulu: uma i-fluid viscosity idlula i-500 cSt, noma uma ukuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya kungaphezu kuka-5% ngesisindo, uphawu olulodwa lwe-spring mechanical luba yincazelo eyisisekelo ephoqelekile.
Ukwehluleka ukuqinisekisa le datha kungabangela ukucacisa uphawu lwezintwasahlobo eziningi lokusetshenziswa kwe-slurry, okuqinisekisa ukwehluleka kusenesikhathi njengoba izintwasahlobo zivala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi luyi-hydrocarbon ehlanzekile, enga-polymerizing ene-viscosity engaphansi kuka-10 cSt kunikeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza kokusebenzisa ukuzinza kwesivinini esikhulu somklamo wezintwasahlobo eziningi.
Ukuhlolwa komhlinzeki nokuhambisana
Uma ukuhambisana koketshezi sekuqinisekisiwe, onjiniyela kumele benze ukuhlolwa kobukhulu kanye nokwabahlinzeki. Ukulinganiselwa kwesikhala se-radial kanye ne-axial ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lokugcwalisa lephampu kunquma ukuhambisana ngokomzimba. Izivalo ze-multi-spring zine-radial cross-section encane kakhulu, okwenza zilungele imiklamo yephampu ye-API yesimanje, ehlangene noma ye-ANSI, noma imishini emidala enamakamelo okuvala avinjelwe.
Abahlinzeki kumele banikeze imidwebo enobukhulu obuqinisekisiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe. Ukuzama ukufaka kabusha uphawu olukhulu lwe-single spring mechanical ebhokisini elincane lokugcwala kungadinga ukucutshungulwa kwe-pump housing ukuze kuhlinzekwe nge-radial clearance eyanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu okuthenga kumele aqinisekise izikhathi zokuhola zabaphakeli kanye nobuningi be-oda elincane (ama-MOQ). Iziphethu ezijwayelekile ezijwayelekile ku-316 SS zivame ukuba nezikhathi zokuhola zeviki eli-1 kuya kwamabili, kuyilapho ama-cartridge e-multi-spring akhethekile asebenzisa i-Hastelloy angadinga amasonto ayi-6 kuya kwayi-8 ukuze alethwe.
Indlela yokwenza isinqumo sokukhetha uphawu
Indlela yokwenza izinqumo zokukhetha ilandela indlela eqinile, ehlelekile eyenzelwe ukunciphisa ingozi. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlola ukuhlanzeka koketshezi kanye nokuthamba; uketshezi olungcolile, olunemicu, noma oluqinile kakhulu luqondisa isinqumo ngokushesha ekwakhiweni kwentwasahlobo eyodwa. Isinyathelo sesibili sihlola isivinini sokujikeleza kanye nesivinini sobuso; uma uketshezi luhlanzekile kodwa iphampu isebenza ngaphezu kuka-3600 RPM noma u-20 m/s, isinqumo siphendukela ekwakhiweni kwentwasahlobo eminingi ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza okuguquguqukayo.
Isinyathelo sokugcina sihlola imikhawulo yobukhulu bebhokisi lokugxusha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulungisa obutholakalayo. Le ndlela ehlelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthembeka kokusebenza okuyisisekelo kubekwa phambili kunokukhethwa kwezingxenye ezijwayelekile, okuhlanganisa iqiniso lomshini wesivalo neqiniso elingokoqobo lenqubo.
Izici Zezinqumo Nesiqondiso Sokugcina
Incazelo yokugcina yesivalo somshini kumele ilinganisele ukufaneleka kobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho zomjikelezo wokuphila. Izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi (i-TCO) azihlanganisi nje kuphela imali yokuqala yokuthenga kodwa futhi nobunzima bokufaka, izikhawu zokulungisa, ukulinganisa impahla, kanye nezindleko zesikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe. Ukuzulazula kulezi zivumelwano kuqinisekisa ukuthi isivalo esikhethiwe sinikeza inani eliphakeme kakhulu esikhathini saso sokusebenza.
Izindleko, ukuthembeka, kanye nokushintshana kokugcinwa
Ngokombono oqondile wezentengiselwano, uphawu olulodwa lwemishini yentwasahlobo luvame ukubiza kancane ngo-15% kuya ku-30% ukulithenga kunomklamo wentwasahlobo eminingi ofanayo, ngenxa yezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezilula kanye nezingxenye ezimbalwa zangaphakathi. Amaqembu okulungisa avame ukukhetha imiklamo yentwasahlobo eyodwa yokulungisa insimu; ukuqina kwawo, okuvulekile kwenza kube lula ukuwahlanza, ukuwahlola, nokwakha kabusha endaweni ngaphandle kwamathuluzi akhethekile kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izivalo ze-multi-spring zinezindleko ezinkulu zokuqala futhi kunzima ukuzilungisa ensimini, ngokuvamile zidinga ukubuyiselwa esikhungweni se-OEM ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha ama-cartridge. Kodwa-ke, ekusetshenzisweni okuhlanzekile, okusheshayo, izivalo ze-multi-spring zinciphisa izindleko zazo zokuqala eziphezulu ngokunikeza ukuthembeka okuphezulu. Ukulayisha ubuso okufanayo kunciphisa amazinga okuguguleka ebusweni be-silicon carbide noma be-tungsten carbide ebizayo, okuvame ukwandisa i-MTBF kusukela ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ezijwayelekile kuya ezinyangeni ezingaphezu kwama-36, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa i-TCO yesikhathi eside ngokunciphisa ukungenelela kokulungisa.
Isikhathi sokukhetha intwasahlobo eyodwa vs intwasahlobo eningi
Isiqondiso esibanzi sabasebenzi bezimboni ukufanisa ukwakheka kwentwasahlobo ngqo nesimo somzimba soketshezi kanye nesivinini semishini. Khetha uphawu olulodwa lwentwasahlobo olusebenzisa imishini yokuthunga, amanzi angcolile, isitokwe sephepha, kanye nama-resin anomswakama ophezulu. Kulezi zimo ezinzima, ingozi yokuvaleka kwentwasahlobo iyindlela eyinhloko yokwehluleka, futhi ukwakheka okuqinile, okuvulekile kwekhoyili kunikeza amathuba aphezulu kakhulu esevisi engaphazanyiswa.
Khetha isivalo sentwasahlobo esiningi ngaphakathiukucubungula amakhemikhali okuhlanzekile, amaphampu amanzi okuphakelwa kwebhoyila asheshayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-hydrocarbon elula. Uma uketshezi luhlanzekile futhi lungenazo izinhlayiya, ingcindezi yobuso efanayo, ukuzinza kwesivinini esikhulu, kanye nomkhawulo wobukhulu obuncane womklamo wentwasahlobo eminingi kuba yimpahla ebalulekile yokugcina ubuqotho bokuvala isikhathi eside, obungenawo ugesi.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele
- Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sokuvalwa kwemishini kwentwasahlobo eyodwa
- Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
- Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kufanele ngikhethe nini uphawu olulodwa lwemishini yentwasahlobo?
Khetha uketshezi olukhuhlayo, oluqinile, noma olungcolile, isivinini esiphansi kuya kwesiphakathi, kanye nezinsizakalo lapho ukumelana nokuvaleka kubaluleke kakhulu kunokulayisha ubuso okufanayo.
Kungani uphawu lwentwasahlobo olunezinhlayiya eziningi lungcono kunophawu lwentwasahlobo olulodwa?
Sebenzisa isivalo sentwasahlobo esiningi ukuze uthole uketshezi oluhlanzekile, izikhala ezincane, kanye nesivinini esiphezulu somgodi lapho ngisho nokucindezela kobuso kanye nokulandelela okuzinzile kuthuthukisa ukulawula ukuvuza.
Ingabe izimbobo zentwasahlobo ezilodwa zingaphatha i-slurry noma i-crystallizing media?
Yebo. Umklamo wazo ovulekile, onamakhoyili amakhulu uyamelana nokuminyana, ngakho-ke izinto eziqinile namakristalu akuvamile ukuthi kuvimbe isiphethu ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwephampu.
Ingabe iVictor Seals inikeza kokubili izitsha zokushintsha intwasahlobo eyodwa kanye nezitsha zokushintsha intwasahlobo eziningi?
Yebo. I-Victor Seals inikeza izivalo zentwasahlobo eyodwa, zentwasahlobo eziningi, ezihambisana ne-OEM, izingxenye ezisele, kanye nezivalo zephampu ezithathelwa indawo zezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zezimboni.
Yiluphi ulwazi okufanele ngiluthumele ku-Victor Seals ngaphambi kokukhetha uphawu?
Nikeza imodeli yephampu, usayizi womgodi, uhlobo loketshezi, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, isivinini, nokuthi ngabe imidiya iqukethe yini izinto eziqinile. Lokhu kusiza ukuhambisana nomklamo ofanele wesivalo ngokushesha.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-12-2026