Ukukhetha izinto zokuvala uphawu lwakho kubalulekile njengoba kuzodlala indima ekunqumeni ikhwalithi, isikhathi sokuphila kanye nokusebenza kohlelo lokusebenza, kanye nokunciphisa izinkinga esikhathini esizayo. Lapha, sibheka ukuthi indawo ezungezile izothinta kanjani ukukhethwa kwezinto zokuvala uphawu, kanye nezinye zezinto ezivame kakhulu nokuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifaneleka kakhulu kuzo.
Izici zemvelo
Indawo lapho uphawu luzovezwa khona ibalulekile lapho ukhetha umklamo nezinto ezizosetshenziswa. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezakhiwo ezibalulekile ezidingwa yizinto zokuvala kuzo zonke izindawo, okuhlanganisa ukudala ubuso bokuvala obuzinzile, obukwazi ukuhambisa ukushisa, ukumelana namakhemikhali, kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuhle.
Kwezinye izindawo, lezi zakhiwo kuzodingeka zibe namandla kunezinye. Ezinye izakhiwo zezinto okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kucatshangelwa indawo zihlanganisa ubulukhuni, ukuqina, ukwanda kokushisa, ukuguguleka kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali. Ukukhumbula lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthola izinto ezifanele zokuvala uphawu lwakho.
Indawo ezungezile inganquma nokuthi izindleko noma ikhwalithi yesivalo ingabekwa phambili yini. Ezindaweni ezirhabaxa nezinokhahlo, izivalo zingabiza kakhulu ngenxa yezinto ezidinga ukuqina ngokwanele ukumelana nalezi zimo.
Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ukusebenzisa imali ukuthola uphawu lwekhwalithi ephezulu kuzozikhokhela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba kuzosiza ekuvimbeleni ukuvalwa okubizayo, ukulungiswa, kanye nokuvuselelwa noma ukushintshwa kophawu okuzobangelwa uphawu lwekhwalithi ephansi. Kodwa-ke, ekusetshenzisweni kokupompa ngoketshezi oluhlanzekile kakhulu olunezakhiwo zokugcoba, uphawu olushibhile lungathengwa esikhundleni sama-bearings asezingeni eliphezulu.
Izinto zokuvala ezivamile
Ikhabhoni
Ikhabhoni esetshenziswa ebusweni be-seal iyinhlanganisela yekhabhoni engaguquki kanye ne-graphite, kanti amaphesenti ayo ngayinye anquma izakhiwo zomzimba ebangeni lokugcina lekhabhoni. Kuyinto engaguquki, ezinzile engazigcoba ngokwayo.
Isetshenziswa kabanzi njengenye yezinhlangothi ezimbili zokugcina ezivalweni zemishini, futhi iyinto ethandwayo yezivalo ezizungezile ezihlukaniswe ngamaqembu kanye namasongo e-piston ngaphansi kokuthambisa okomile noma okuncane. Le ngxube yekhabhoni/i-graphite ingafakwa nezinye izinto ukuze inikeze izici ezahlukene njengokuncipha kwe-porosity, ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokuguguleka noma amandla athuthukisiwe.
I-thermoset resin efakwe ikhabhoni evamise ukuvamiseka kakhulu ezivalweni zemishini, kanti amakhabhoni amaningi afakwe i-resin ayakwazi ukusebenza kumakhemikhali ahlukahlukene kusukela ezisekelweni eziqinile kuya kuma-asidi aqinile. Futhi anezakhiwo ezinhle zokungqubuzana kanye ne-modulus eyanele ukusiza ukulawula ukuphazamiseka kwengcindezi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kufanelekela ukushisa okuvamile okufika ku-260°C (500°F) emanzini, izinto ezipholile, amafutha, uwoyela, izixazululo zamakhemikhali ezilula, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokudla nemithi.
Izivalo zekhabhoni ezifakwe i-antimony nazo zibonakalise ziphumelela ngenxa yamandla kanye ne-modulus ye-antimony, okwenza kube kuhle ekusetshenzisweni komfutho ophezulu lapho kudingeka into eqinile futhi eqinile. Lezi zivalo nazo zimelana kakhulu nokubhamuka ezisetshenzisweni ezinamanzi aphezulu noma ama-hydrocarbon alula, okwenza kube yizinga elijwayelekile lezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zokuhlanza.
Ikhabhoni ingafakwa nezinto zokwenziwa kwefilimu ezifana ne-fluoride zokugijima okomile, i-cryogenics kanye nezicelo ze-vacuum, noma izithibi ze-oxidation ezifana ne-phosphates zokushisa okuphezulu, isivinini esikhulu, kanye nezicelo ze-turbine ku-800ft/sec kanye naseduze no-537°C (1,000°F).
I-Ceramic
I-ceramics yizinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezingaphili ezenziwe ngamakhemikhali emvelo noma okwenziwa, ngokuvamile i-alumina oxide noma i-alumina. Inendawo yokuncibilika ephezulu, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezifana nemishini, amakhemikhali, uphethiloli, imithi kanye nezimoto.
Iphinde ibe nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-dielectric futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-insulators kagesi, izingxenye ezingagugi, imidiya yokugaya, kanye nezingxenye zokushisa okuphezulu. Ezindaweni ezihlanzekile kakhulu, i-alumina inokumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali noketshezi oluningi lwenqubo ngaphandle kwamanye ama-asidi aqinile, okuholela ekutheni isetshenziswe ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokuvala ngomshini. Kodwa-ke, i-alumina ingaphuka kalula ngaphansi kokushaqeka kokushisa, okuye kwanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho lokhu kungaba yinkinga.
I-silicon carbide yenziwa ngokuxuba i-silica ne-coke. Ifana ngamakhemikhali ne-ceramic, kodwa inezimfanelo zokuthambisa ezingcono futhi iqinile, okwenza ibe yisisombululo esihle sokuqina ezindaweni ezinzima.
Ingaphinde ihlanganiswe futhi ipholishwe ukuze isivalo sivuselelwe izikhathi eziningi phakathi nesikhathi sayo sokuphila. Ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa kakhulu ngomshini, njengasezivaloni zomshini ngenxa yokumelana kahle nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali, amandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukumelana okuhle nokuguguleka, i-coefficient encane yokungqubuzana kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu.
Uma isetshenziselwa ubuso bokuvala okwenziwa ngomshini, i-silicon carbide iphumela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe, impilo yokuvala eyanda, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi zemishini ejikelezayo efana nama-turbine, ama-compressor, namaphampu e-centrifugal. I-Silicon carbide ingaba nezakhiwo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi yenziwe kanjani. I-Reaction bonded silicon carbide yakhiwa ngokubopha izinhlayiya ze-silicon carbide komunye nomunye enqubweni yokusabela.
Le nqubo ayithinti kakhulu izakhiwo eziningi zomzimba nezokushisa zezinto, nokho inciphisa ukumelana kwamakhemikhali kwezinto. Amakhemikhali avame kakhulu ayinkinga yi-caustics (kanye namanye amakhemikhali ane-pH ephezulu) kanye nama-asidi aqinile, ngakho-ke akufanele kusetshenziswe i-silicon carbide eboshwe yi-reaction nalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
I-silicon carbide e-self-sintered yenziwa ngokucwilisa izinhlayiya ze-silicon carbide ngqo ndawonye kusetshenziswa izinsiza zokucwilisa ezingezona i-oxide endaweni engasebenzi kahle emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-2,000°C. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinto zesibili (njenge-silicon), izinto ezicwilisiwe ngqo zimelana namakhemikhali cishe kunoma yiluphi uketshezi kanye nesimo senqubo esingabonakala kuphampu ye-centrifugal.
I-tungsten carbide iyinto eguquguqukayo kakhulu njenge-silicon carbide, kodwa ifaneleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni komfutho ophezulu njengoba inokuguquguquka okuphezulu okuvumela ukuthi igobe kancane futhi ivimbele ukuphambuka kobuso. Njenge-silicon carbide, ingaphinde ihlanganiswe futhi ipholishwe.
Ama-carbide e-tungsten avame ukukhiqizwa njengama-carbide aqiniswe ngosimende ngakho-ke akukho mzamo wokubopha i-carbide ye-tungsten kuyo. Insimbi yesibili iyangezwa ukubopha noma ukuqinisa izinhlayiya ze-carbide ye-tungsten ndawonye, okuholela ezintweni ezinezakhiwo ezihlangene ze-carbide ye-tungsten kanye ne-binder yensimbi.
Lokhu kusetshenziswe ngendlela enenzuzo ngokunikeza ukuqina okukhulu kanye namandla okushaya kunokuba kungenzeka nge-tungsten carbide yodwa. Enye yobuthakathaka be-tungsten carbide eqinisiwe ukuminyana kwayo okuphezulu. Esikhathini esidlule, kwakusetshenziswa i-tungsten carbide eboshwe yi-cobalt, nokho kancane kancane ithathelwe indawo yi-tungsten carbide eboshwe yi-nickel ngenxa yokuthi ayinazo izinhlobo zamakhemikhali ezidingekayo embonini.
I-tungsten carbide eboshwe nge-nickel isetshenziswa kabanzi ebusweni be-seal lapho kudingeka khona amandla aphezulu kanye nezakhiwo zokuqina okuphezulu, futhi inokuhambisana okuhle kwamakhemikhali ngokuvamile okunqunyelwe yi-nickel yamahhala.
I-GFPTFE
I-GFPTFE inokumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali, futhi ingilazi eyengeziwe inciphisa ukungqubuzana kobuso bokuvala. Ilungele ukusetshenziswa okuhlanzekile futhi ishibhile kunezinye izinto. Kunezinhlobo ezincane ezitholakalayo ukuze zivumelanise kangcono uphawu nezidingo kanye nendawo ezungezile, zithuthukise ukusebenza kwalo jikelele.
I-Buna
I-Buna (eyaziwa nangokuthi irabha ye-nitrile) iyi-elastomer engabizi kakhulu yama-O-rings, ama-sealant kanye nemikhiqizo ebunjiwe. Yaziwa kakhulu ngokusebenza kwayo kwemishini futhi isebenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni okusekelwe kumafutha, i-petrochemical kanye namakhemikhali. Iphinde isetshenziswe kabanzi kumafutha aluhlaza, amanzi, utshwala obuhlukahlukene, amafutha e-silicone kanye noketshezi lwe-hydraulic ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwayo.
Njengoba iBuna iyi-copolymer yerabha yokwenziwa, isebenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni okudinga ukunamathela kwensimbi nezinto ezingagugi, futhi lesi sizinda samakhemikhali siyenza ibe yindawo ekahle yokusetshenziswa kwe-sealant. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingamelana namazinga okushisa aphansi njengoba yakhelwe ngokumelana ne-asidi ephansi kanye nokumelana ne-alkali okuncane.
I-Buna inqunyelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okunezici ezinkulu njengokushisa okuphezulu, isimo sezulu, ukukhanya kwelanga kanye nokusetshenziswa kokumelana nomusi, futhi ayifaneleki nge-clean-in-place (CIP) sanitizing agents equkethe ama-acid nama-peroxide.
I-EPDM
I-EPDM iyirabha yokwenziwa evame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni, ekwakheni kanye nasezintweni ezisetshenziswa ngomshini ezivalweni kanye nasezindongeni ze-O, kumapayipi kanye nasezintweni zokuwasha. Ibiza kakhulu kune-Buna, kodwa ingakwazi ukumelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo zokushisa, zesimo sezulu kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswa ngomshini ngenxa yamandla ayo okubamba isikhathi eside. Iyakwazi ukusetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, i-chlorine, i-bleach nezinye izinto ze-alkaline.
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokunwebeka nokunamathela, uma seyeluliwe, i-EPDM ibuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinga lokushisa lingakanani. I-EPDM ayinconywa ukusetshenziswa kwe-petroleum oil, uketshezi, i-chlorine hydrocarbon noma i-hydrocarbon solvent.
I-Viton
I-Viton iwumkhiqizo werabha we-hydrocarbon ohlala isikhathi eside, osebenza kahle kakhulu, ofakwe i-fluorine, osetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-O-Rings kanye nama-seal. Ibiza kakhulu kunezinye izinto zerabha kodwa iyindlela ekhethwayo yezidingo zokuvala eziyinselele kakhulu nezidinga kakhulu.
Imelana ne-ozone, i-oxidation kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa izinto ezifana nama-hydrocarbons e-aliphatic ne-aromatic, uketshezi lwe-halogenated kanye nezinto eziqinile ze-asidi, ingenye yama-fluoroelastomer aqinile kakhulu.
Ukukhetha izinto ezifanele zokuvala kubalulekile ukuze isicelo siphumelele. Nakuba izinto eziningi zokuvala zifana, ngayinye inezinjongo ezahlukene zokuhlangabezana nanoma yisiphi isidingo esithile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-12-2023