Izimpawu zomshinizidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekugwemeni ukuvuza kwezimboni eziningi ezahlukene. Embonini yasolwandle kukhonaukupompa izimpawu zomshini, izivalo zemishini ezijikelezayo zomgodi. Futhi embonini kawoyela negesi kukhonaizimpawu ze-cartridge mechanical,izivalo zomshini ezihlukanisiwe noma izivalo zomshini zegesi eyomile. Ezimbonini zezimoto kunezivalo zomshini zamanzi. Futhi embonini yamakhemikhali kunezivalo zomshini zokuxuba (izivalo zomshini ze-agitator) kanye nezivalo zomshini ze-compressor.
Kuye ngesimo sokusetshenziswa esihlukile, kudinga isixazululo sokuvala ngomshini ngezinto ezahlukene. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezisetshenziswayoizivalo zomshini womshini njengezimpawu zomshini ze-ceramic, izimpawu zomshini ze-carbon, izimpawu zomshini ze-Silicone carbide,Izimpawu ze-SSIC zemishini kanyeIzimpawu zemishini ze-TC.
Izimpawu zomshini ze-Ceramic
Izivalo ze-ceramic mechanical ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, ezenzelwe ukuvimbela ukuvuza koketshezi phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili, njengomgodi ojikelezayo kanye nendlu engashintshi. Lezi zivalo zaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana kwazo nokuguguleka okungavamile, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nekhono lokumelana nokushisa okukhulu.
Indima eyinhloko yezimbobo zobumba zemishini ukugcina ubuqotho bemishini ngokuvimbela ukulahleka koketshezi noma ukungcola. Zisetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi, okuhlanganisa uwoyela negesi, ukucubungula amakhemikhali, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, imithi, kanye nokucubungula ukudla. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwalezi zimbobo kungabangelwa ukwakhiwa kwazo okuhlala isikhathi eside; zenziwe ngezinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe ezinikeza izici zokusebenza eziphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zobumba.
Izivalo ze-ceramic mechanical zakha izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: enye ubuso obungaguquki bomshini (ngokuvamile benziwe ngezinto ze-ceramic), kanti enye ubuso obujikelezayo bomshini (ngokuvamile bakhiwe nge-carbon graphite). Isenzo sokuvala senzeka lapho ubuso bobabili bucindezelwa ndawonye kusetshenziswa amandla esiphethu, okudala isithiyo esisebenzayo ngokumelene nokuvuza koketshezi. Njengoba imishini isebenza, ifilimu yokugcoba phakathi kobuso bokuvala inciphisa ukungqubuzana nokuguguleka ngenkathi igcina uphawu oluqinile.
Isici esibalulekile esihlukanisa izivalo zemishini ze-ceramic kwezinye izinhlobo ukumelana kwazo okuvelele ekugugeni. Izinto ze-ceramic zinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zobulukhuni ezizivumela ukuthi zibekezelele izimo zokukhuhla ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu. Lokhu kuphumela ezivaloni ezihlala isikhathi eside ezidinga ukushintshwa noma ukulungiswa okuncane kakhulu kunalezo ezenziwe ngezinto ezithambile.
Ngaphezu kokumelana nokuguguleka, izinto zobumba nazo zibonisa ukuzinza okukhulu kokushisa. Zingamelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu ngaphandle kokuwohloka noma ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kokuvala. Lokhu kuzenza zifaneleke ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokushisa okuphezulu lapho ezinye izinto zokuvala zingase zingasebenzi kahle ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Okokugcina, izivalo ze-ceramic mechanical zinikeza ukuhambisana okuhle kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokumelana nezinto ezahlukahlukene ezibolayo. Lokhu kuzenza zibe ukukhetha okukhangayo kwezimboni ezivame ukubhekana namakhemikhali anamandla kanye noketshezi olunamandla.
Izimpawu zomshini ze-ceramic zibalulekileizivalo zezingxenyezenzelwe ukuvimbela ukuvuza koketshezi emishinini yezimboni. Izakhiwo zazo ezihlukile, njengokumelana nokuguguleka, ukuqina kokushisa, kanye nokuhambisana kwamakhemikhali, zizenza zibe ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene ezimbonini eziningi.
| impahla ebonakalayo ye-ceramic | ||||
| Ipharamitha yobuchwepheshe | iyunithi | 95% | 99% | 99.50% |
| Ubuningi | g/cm3 | 3.7 | 3.88 | 3.9 |
| Ubulukhuni | I-HRA | 85 | 88 | 90 |
| Izinga lokubhoboza | % | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.15 |
| Amandla okuqhekeka | I-MPa | 250 | 310 | 350 |
| Isilinganiso sokunwetshwa kokushisa | 10(-6)/K | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
| Ukuqhuba kwe-thermal | I-W/MK | 27.8 | 26.7 | 26 |
Izimpawu ze-carbon mechanical
I-carbon seal yemishini inomlando omude. I-Graphite iyi-isoform ye-element carbon. Ngo-1971, i-United States yafunda izinto zokuvala eziguquguqukayo ze-graphite, ezaxazulula ukuvuza kwe-athomu energy valve. Ngemva kokucubungula okujulile, i-graphite eguquguqukayo iba yinto enhle kakhulu yokuvala, eyenziwa ibe yizivalo ze-carbon mechanical ezahlukahlukene ngomphumela wezingxenye zokuvala. Lezi zivalo ze-carbon mechanical zisetshenziswa ezimbonini zamakhemikhali, ze-petroleum, zamandla kagesi njenge-fluid seal yokushisa okuphezulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-graphite eguquguqukayo yakhiwa ukwanda kwe-graphite enwetshiwe ngemva kokushisa okuphezulu, inani le-ejenti ehlanganisayo esele ku-graphite eguquguqukayo lincane kakhulu, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke ukuba khona nokwakheka kwe-ejenti ehlanganisayo kunethonya elikhulu kwikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza komkhiqizo.
Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Zobuso Besivalo Sekhabhoni
Umsunguli wokuqala wasebenzisa i-sulfuric acid egxilile njenge-oxidant kanye ne-intercalating agent. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokufakwa esivalweni sengxenye yensimbi, inani elincane le-sulfur elisele ku-graphite eguquguqukayo latholakala ukuthi ligqwala insimbi yokuxhumana ngemva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yaleli phuzu, ezinye izazi zasekhaya ziye zazama ukuyithuthukisa, njengoSong Kemin owakhetha i-acetic acid kanye ne-organic acid esikhundleni se-sulfuric acid. acid, ephuza i-nitric acid, futhi yehlisa izinga lokushisa liye ekushiseni kwegumbi, eyenziwe ngengxube ye-nitric acid kanye ne-acetic acid. Ngokusebenzisa ingxube ye-nitric acid kanye ne-acetic acid njenge-insert agent, i-sulfur free expanded graphite yalungiswa nge-potassium permanganate njenge-oxidant, futhi i-acetic acid yengezwa kancane kancane ku-nitric acid. Izinga lokushisa lehliswa liye ekushiseni kwegumbi, bese kwenziwa ingxube ye-nitric acid kanye ne-acetic acid. Bese kufakwa i-natural flake graphite kanye ne-potassium permanganate kule ngxube. Ngaphansi kokuxutshwa njalo, izinga lokushisa lingu-30 C. Ngemva kokusabela imizuzu engama-40, amanzi ayagezwa abe ngalingani futhi omiswe ku-50 ~ 60 C, bese i-graphite enwetshiwe yenziwa ngemva kokwandiswa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Le ndlela ayifezi ukuvunguza ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi umkhiqizo ungafinyelela inani elithile lokwanda, ukuze kufezwe uhlobo oluzinzile lwezinto zokuvala.
| Uhlobo | M106H | M120H | I-M106K | I-M120K | M106F | M120F | M106D | I-M120D | I-M254D |
| Umkhiqizo | Kufakwe isisu | Kufakwe isisu | I-Phenol efakwe | I-Antimony Carbon(A) | |||||
| Ubuningi | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Amandla Okuqhekeka | 65 | 60 | 67 | 62 | 60 | 55 | 65 | 60 | 55 |
| Amandla Okucindezela | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 220 | 220 | 210 |
| Ubulukhuni | 85 | 80 | 90 | 85 | 85 | 80 | 90 | 90 | 65 |
| Ukubhoboka kwe-Porosity | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1.5 | <1.5 | <1.5 |
| Amazinga okushisa | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 400 | 400 | 450 |
Izimpawu ze-Silicon Carbide zemishini
I-Silicon carbide (SiC) yaziwa nangokuthi i-carborundum, eyenziwe ngesihlabathi se-quartz, i-petroleum coke (noma i-coal coke), ama-wood chips (adinga ukungezwa lapho kukhiqizwa i-green silicon carbide) njalo njalo. I-Silicon carbide nayo ineminerali engavamile ngokwemvelo, i-mulberry. E-C, N, B nakwezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezingezona i-oxide, i-silicon carbide ingenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ezingabizi kakhulu, ezingabizwa ngokuthi isihlabathi sensimbi yegolide noma isihlabathi esiphikisayo. Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwe-silicon carbide eShayina kuhlukaniswe nge-black silicon carbide kanye ne-green silicon carbide, zombili ezingamakristalu ayisithupha anesilinganiso esingu-3.20 ~ 3.25 kanye nobunzima obungu-2840 ~ 3320kg/m².
Imikhiqizo ye-silicon carbide ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningi ngokuya ngendawo yokusebenza ehlukene. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kakhulu ngomshini. Isibonelo, i-silicon carbide iyinto efanelekile yokuvala i-silicon carbide mechanical ngenxa yokumelana kwayo okuhle nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali, amandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukumelana okuhle nokuguguleka, i-coefficient encane yokungqubuzana kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu.
Izindandatho ze-SIC Seal zingahlukaniswa zibe yindandatho engaguquki, indandatho ehambayo, indandatho eyisicaba njalo njalo. I-SiC silicon ingenziwa ibe yimikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-carbide, njengendandatho ejikelezayo ye-silicon carbide, isihlalo esimile se-silicon carbide, isihlahla se-silicon carbide, njalo njalo, ngokwezidingo ezikhethekile zamakhasimende. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ngokuhlanganiswa nezinto ze-graphite, futhi i-coefficient yayo yokungqubuzana incane kune-alumina ceramic kanye ne-hard alloy, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa ngenani eliphezulu le-PV, ikakhulukazi esimweni se-acid enamandla kanye ne-alkali eqinile.
Ukungqubuzana okuncishisiwe kwe-SIC kungenye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zokuyisebenzisa ezivalweni zemishini. Ngakho-ke i-SIC ingamelana nokuguguleka kangcono kunezinye izinto, yandisa impilo yesivalelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungqubuzana okuncishisiwe kwe-SIC kunciphisa isidingo sokugcoba. Ukuntuleka kokugcoba kunciphisa amathuba okungcola nokugqwala, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka.
I-SIC nayo inokumelana okukhulu nokuguguleka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingabekezelela ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuwohloka noma ukuphuka. Lokhu kuyenza ibe yinto efanelekile yokusetshenziswa edinga izinga eliphezulu lokuthembeka nokuqina.
Ingaphinde ihlanganiswe futhi ipholishwe ukuze isivalo sivuselelwe izikhathi eziningi phakathi nesikhathi sayo sokuphila. Ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa kakhulu ngomshini, njengasezivaloni zomshini ngenxa yokumelana kahle nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali, amandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukumelana okuhle nokuguguleka, i-coefficient encane yokungqubuzana kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu.
Uma isetshenziselwa ubuso bokuvala okwenziwa ngomshini, i-silicon carbide iphumela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe, impilo yokuvala eyanda, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi zemishini ejikelezayo efana nama-turbine, ama-compressor, namaphampu e-centrifugal. I-Silicon carbide ingaba nezakhiwo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi yenziwe kanjani. I-Reaction bonded silicon carbide yakhiwa ngokubopha izinhlayiya ze-silicon carbide komunye nomunye enqubweni yokusabela.
Le nqubo ayithinti kakhulu izakhiwo eziningi zomzimba nezokushisa zezinto, nokho inciphisa ukumelana kwamakhemikhali kwezinto. Amakhemikhali avame kakhulu ayinkinga yi-caustics (kanye namanye amakhemikhali ane-pH ephezulu) kanye nama-asidi aqinile, ngakho-ke akufanele kusetshenziswe i-silicon carbide eboshwe yi-reaction nalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
Kufakwe i-reaction-sinteredi-silicon carbide. Kulezo zinto, izimbobo zezinto ze-SIC zokuqala zigcwaliswa enkambisweni yokungena ngokushisa i-silicon yensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela kuvela i-SiC yesibili futhi izinto zithola izakhiwo ezihlukile zemishini, zibe ezingagugi. Ngenxa yokuncipha kwayo okuncane, ingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izingxenye ezinkulu neziyinkimbinkimbi ezinokubekezelelana okuseduze. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwe-silicon kukhawulela izinga lokushisa lokusebenza eliphezulu ku-1,350 °C, ukumelana kwamakhemikhali nakho kukhawulelwe ku-pH 10. Izinto azinconywa ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinolaka ze-alkaline.
I-SinteredI-silicon carbide itholakala ngokufaka i-granulate ye-SIC encane kakhulu ecindezelwe kusengaphambili ekushiseni okungu-2000 °C ukuze kwakheke izibopho eziqinile phakathi kwezinhlayiya zezinto.
Okokuqala, i-lattice iyaqina, bese kuthi ukwehla kwezimbobo, bese ekugcineni izibopho phakathi kwezinhlayiya ziyabola. Enkambisweni yokucubungula okunjalo, kwenzeka ukuncipha okukhulu komkhiqizo - cishe ngo-20%.
Indandatho yophawu lwe-SSIC imelana nawo wonke amakhemikhali. Njengoba kungekho silicon yensimbi esakhiweni sayo, ingasetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-1600C ngaphandle kokuthinta amandla ayo.
| izakhiwo | I-R-SiC | I-S-SiC |
| Ukugoba (%) | ≤0.3 | ≤0.2 |
| Ubuningi (g/cm3) | 3.05 | 3.1~3.15 |
| Ubulukhuni | 110~125 (HS) | 2800 (kg/mm2) |
| I-Elastic Modulus (i-Gpa) | ≥400 | ≥410 |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-SiC (%) | ≥85% | ≥99% |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-Si (%) | ≤15% | 0.10% |
| Amandla Okugoba (i-Mpa) | ≥350 | 450 |
| Amandla Okucindezela (kg/mm2) | ≥2200 | 3900 |
| Isilinganiso sokwanda kokushisa (1/℃) | 4.5×10-6 | 4.3×10-6 |
| Ukumelana nokushisa (emkhathini) (℃) | 1300 | 1600 |
uphawu lwe-TC lomshini
Izinto ze-TC zinezici zobulukhuni obuphezulu, amandla, ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Yaziwa ngokuthi “Izinyo Lezimboni”. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu, isetshenziswe kabanzi embonini yezempi, izindiza, ukucubungula ngomshini, insimbi, ukubhoboza uwoyela, ukuxhumana ngogesi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kanye neminye imikhakha. Isibonelo, kumaphampu, kuma-compressor kanye nama-agitator, indandatho ye-tungsten carbide isetshenziswa njengezimpawu zomshini. Ukumelana okuhle nokuguguleka kanye nobunzima obuphezulu kwenza ifaneleke ekwenziweni kwezingxenye ezingagugi ezinokushisa okuphezulu, ukungqubuzana kanye nokugqwala.
Ngokwendlela ekhiqizwe ngayo amakhemikhali kanye nezici zokusetshenziswa, i-TC ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine: i-tungsten cobalt (YG), i-tungsten-titanium (YT), i-tungsten titanium tantalum (YW), kanye ne-titanium carbide (YN).
I-alloy eqinile ye-Tungsten cobalt (YG) yakhiwe yi-WC and Co. Ifanele ukucubungula izinto ezibuthakathaka njengensimbi ephonswe phansi, izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous kanye nezinto ezingezona insimbi.
I-Stellite (YT) yakhiwe yi-WC, i-TiC kanye ne-Co. Ngenxa yokwengezwa kwe-TiC ku-alloy, ukumelana kwayo nokuguguleka kuyathuthuka, kodwa amandla okugoba, ukusebenza kokugaya kanye nokuqhuba kwayo ukushisa kwehlile. Ngenxa yokuba buthakathaka kwayo ngaphansi kokushisa okuphansi, ifaneleka kuphela ezintweni ezijwayelekile zokusika ngesivinini esikhulu hhayi ekucutshungulweni kwezinto ezibuthakathaka.
I-tungsten titanium tantalum (niobium) cobalt (YW) yengezwa ku-alloy ukwandisa ubulukhuni bokushisa okuphezulu, amandla kanye nokumelana nokuhuzuka ngenani elifanele le-tantalum carbide noma i-niobium carbide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqina nakho kuyathuthukiswa ngokusebenza kahle kokusika okuphelele. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zokusika eziqinile kanye nokusika ngezikhathi ezithile.
I-carbonized titanium base class (YN) iyi-alloy eqinile ene-hard phase ye-TiC, i-nickel kanye ne-molybdenum. Izinzuzo zayo ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ikhono lokulwa nokubopha, ukuguguleka kwe-crescent kanye nekhono lokulwa nokungcola. Ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezu kwama-degrees ayi-1000, isengashintshwa ngomshini. Iyasebenza ekuqedeni okuqhubekayo kwensimbi ye-alloy kanye nensimbi yokucima.
| imodeli | okuqukethwe kwe-nickel (ubude%) | ukuminyana (g/cm²) | ubulukhuni (HRA) | amandla okugoba (≥N/mm²) |
| YN6 | 5.7-6.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YN8 | 7.7-8.2 | 14.4-14.8 | 87.5-90.0 | 2000 |
| imodeli | okuqukethwe yi-cobalt (ubude%) | ukuminyana (g/cm²) | ubulukhuni (HRA) | amandla okugoba (≥N/mm²) |
| I-YG6 | 5.8-6.2 | 14.6-15.0 | 89.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| I-YG8 | 7.8-8.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.0-90.5 | 1980 |
| I-YG12 | 11.7-12.2 | 13.9-14.5 | 87.5-89.5 | 2400 |
| I-YG15 | 14.6-15.2 | 13.9-14.2 | 87.5-89.0 | 2480 |
| I-YG20 | 19.6-20.2 | 13.4-13.7 | 85.5-88.0 | 2650 |
| I-YG25 | 24.5-25.2 | 12.9-13.2 | 84.5-87.5 | 2850 |